Summary Fall 2015 - 957 Words

Joel Rivas BSC 1085 Fall 2015 Report 5 Matt and Maria have spent a significant amount of time together and they have started became a sexual couple. Maria and Matt are both over the age of 21 years old; therefore, they agreed to become a consenting couple. Maria started utilizing the rhythm method as her preferred method which is birth control. Several weeks ago she did not get her period on the dates she anticipated by her rhythm method of birth control. The following week Maria’s period did not occur when expected and now making her miss two consecutives menstrual periods. Now they anticipate that she might be pregnant, Maria immediately obtained a pregnant test from the local pharmacy and then confirmed that she is indeed pregnant. Although she is excited about the prospects of having a child, she reflects on her life style during the past several months and recalls with some concerns, such as her and Matt have been partying on the regular and extensively: therefore, consuming significant amount of alcohol on se veral occasions. First, by using the rhythm method of birth control comes with a price. Birth control comes with its pro’s and con’s. Some examples for the Pro’s: it is a natural source; it shows that most couples enjoy the rhythm method of birth control because it does not require taking other synthetic hormones or inserting medical devices for pregnancy prevention. Also, it is an equal participation system; most couples see that using the rhythm method ofShow MoreRelatedSummary Of The Fall Of 2015 862 Words   |  4 PagesIt All Started In The Fall Of 2015 I Was Thirteen Years Old Living In Roseville. Earlier That Day I Had Asked My Step Mom Lisa If I Could Go To My Best Friend Nicole s House To Go Do Homework And That Afterwards We Were Going To The Mall With My Other Friend Kylie. She Had Said Yes So After School Her Mom Jennifer Would Pick Us Up And I Would Go To Nicole s House To Do Homework And Go To The Mall, But When I Had Asked Lisa If I Could Go To Nicole s House I Had Left Out That Afterwards We WereRead MoreSummary : Fall 2015 ( Take Home ) Mid Term Examinations 1231 Words   |  5 PagesBrianne Moore October 26, 2015 10085952 Fall 2015 (TAKE-HOME) MID-TERM EXAMINATION COMM 381 Section 003 Question 1 Cause of Action The defendant, Kingston High School, is negligent under the Ontario Occupants Liability Act against the plaintiff, Mary. The defendant failed to uphold a duty of care against the plaintiff, which resulted in general and special damages. The plaintiff is owed compensation for medical care and treatment expenses, the economic loss fromRead MoreImproving Quality And Safety For Patient Safety1494 Words   |  6 Pagespatient outcomes and a successful hospital stay. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of data evaluation and interpretation to improve patient quality and safety. Data Overview A data dashboard was provided. It outlined patient’s falls on a telemetry unit over a period of four months. The data was distributed by day of the week and time of the day. Background information included the average age of the patient is 72.4 years old, each having a cardiac diagnosis. The majority ofRead MoreNational Healthcare Quality And Disparities Report 20141013 Words   |  5 Pagesvirtually every demographic is at risk of not receiving needed care, there are definitely certain populations that are at higher risk of falling victim to these disparities (National healthcare quality and disparities report 2014, 2015). A majority of Maine’s population falls into one of these riskier demographics, which is and will continue to affect the health and quality of life for Mainers if not addressed. When examining healthcare disparities, a few demographics that can experience a disproportionalRead MoreResearch Summary And Ethical Considerations Of A Hospital Adults Patients Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Summary and Ethical Considerations of â€Å"Factors Associated with Falls in Hospital Adults Patients† Introduction Falling is a crucial issue among the hospitals. Even the hospitals make all the efforts to prevent falls, falls still occur frequently and some repeatedly. According to Currie (2008), approximately 700000 to 1000000 individuals fall in the united states hospitals each year. A fall in a health care organization is considered a never-event by MedicareRead MoreThe Affordable Health Care Act1403 Words   |  6 Pagesincome bracket) via healthcare market places; or healthcare exchanges (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). Also, this because of this law, 44 million people who do not have coverage are projected to be covered (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). Because of this new law, health care providers will be able to implement improved care for seniors, women’s health examinations and expanded exposure coverage for the underprivileged (â€Å"Obama Care Summary†). The Affordable Care Act ensures that people will to not be denied coverage byRead MoreBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 Pagesarticle. These points provide article summaries and practical feedback and applications of their findings. As the editorial for volume 76 states, this is a new feature of the journal, introduced for its 75th anniversary (Perry, 2015). The articles in this issue generally exhibited empirical studies. The topic area of the articles in this issue focused on the renewed goal of bridging the gap between scholarship and practice. Newman, Cherney, and Head (2015) used a mixed method approach to betterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Legislative Joint Auditing Committee Audited1173 Words   |  5 PagesSummary of District Audit In 2015, the Legislative Joint Auditing Committee audited Hector School District. In the Summary of Auditor’s Results and Financial Statement Findings, the auditors did indicate a material weakness in internal control. Here, the specific requirement noted that management is where the responsibility falls for implementing sound accounting policies and maintaining internal control over financial procedures that are consistent with their own assertions found in the financialRead MoreCauses Of Chinese Stock Market Crash Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagescrash represents a steep fall in the value of market prices and it is often the factor creating economic depression (Galbraith, 1988). However, the value of the drop that can be considered as a predictor for the crash is debatable. On one hand, Mishkin (1990) argues that the stock market crash only occurs when there was a 20 percent fall in stock price across crucial cross sections of a market. On the other hand, Patel and Sarkar (19 98) define a stock market crash as a fall of more than 35 percentRead MoreLab Report On Chromatography And Lab1206 Words   |  5 PagesTLC of Spinach Group Experiment 3 – Individual Lab Report (Save as pdf and submit, due by 12:00 NOON one week after experiment) Last Name: Wang First Name: Zoey Lab Partner(s): Sue Wang TA Name: Sosthene Date Lab Performed: Nov. 12, 2015 Date Lab Submitted: Nov. 12, 2015 Group A, B, or C: B Comments for Grading TA: (Please indicate if you performed the lab on a day other than your regularly scheduled day and/or with a TA other than your regular TA). Page Limit: report must not exceed FIVE pages (including

Essay about Case Analysis of Dell Computers - 12021 Words

On April 22, 2003 Page 2 2 INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................................3 CURRENT STATUS ....................................................................................................................................6 C URRENT S ITUATION ..................................................................................................................................6 Performance...........................................................................................................................................6 Missions, Objectives, and†¦show more content†¦Depending upon the industry segment, these firms specialize in different activities, from RD to design, manufacturing, assembly, logistics, distribution, sales, marketing, service, and support. Dell Computer Corporation is the focus of the case. The time of the Dell case is from 1994 to 1999. Michael Dell established Dell Computers in 1984, which captured a unique position in the personal computer (PC) industry. The company introduced the concepts of selling PCs directly to customers; offering custom configuration to all customers; and providing direct, toll-free technical support and next-day, on-site service. Dells SIC code is 3571. SIC 3571 establishments, such as Dell, primarily engage in manufacturing electronic computers. Electronic computers are machines which: (1) store the processing program or programs and the data immediately necessary for execution of the program; (2) can be freely programmed in accordance with the requirements of the user; (3) perform arithmetical computations specified by the user; and (4) execute, without human intervention, a processing program which requires them to modify their execution by logical decision during the processing run. Included in this industry are digital computers, analog computers, and hybrid digital/analog computers. Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing machineryShow MoreRelatedDell Computer Corporation: Case Analysis778 Words   |  3 PagesDell Computer Corporation Case Study I. Central Issue Dell Computer Corporation has experienced tremendous growth since it was incorporated in 1984. The product largely responsible for the success of Dell Computer Corporation is Dells Direct Model, which is cost-efficient and customer-friendly in terms of its production and distribution. In the ever-changing market environment of today competitors are presenting challenges with products that are new and unique. However, there is one area thatRead MoreMatching Dell Case Analysis1679 Words   |  7 Pages 1. Synopsis After the emergence of personal computer in1990, Dell emerged as a strong business entity in the computing industry. With the advent of personal computing, the major players in the industry were IBM, Compaq and HP. Between 1994 and 1998, Dells growth was faster and twice its major rivals (IBM, Compaq, Gateway, and Hewlett- Packard). It provided high performance PC at a very low price. Through the introduction of Dells Direct Model, it enjoyed high competitive advantage and earnedRead MoreGlobal Computer Hardware Manufacturing Industry1603 Words   |  7 Pages TREATS Increase in competition– Currently Dell Wyse cloud connect does not have many direct competitors. Although it competes with traditional desktops and portable computers, there are not many companies that produce ultra-small, portable high definition and secure desktop on cloud access devices. A major treat for the company is that more players might enter the industry with similar products which could lead to further price competition forcing companies to lower their costs which wouldRead MorePresentation Chapters 3 51422 Words   |  6 PagesNicole Fiamingo’s Presentation MKT 730 – Marketing Research February 17, Dell Printer: â€Å"The New Kid On The Block† http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42mNRePWIME Chapter 3 Research Design Marketing Research Proposal 1. 2. 3. 4. Executive Summary Background Problem Definition Approach to the problem 5. Research Design 6. Fieldwork/ Data Collection 7. Data Analysis 8. Reporting 9. Cost and Time 10.Appendices What the Research Design Includes 1. Define the information needed 2. Design the exploratoryRead MoreDell Case Study Strategic Managemen1426 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY- DELL INC ASSIGNMENT #2 By: Muhammad Salman ( Syed Ahmed Farooq Wasti ( Kamran Ullah Khan ( References: www.apple.com, www.dell.com, www.hp.com, www.ibm.com Finance.yahoo.com, www.gateway.com, www.sec.gov/edgar.shtml )_______ )_______ )_______ Introduction †¢ Dell computer was founded by Michael Dell at age of twenty one in his dorm at the University of Texas, Austin. Initially the name of the company was PCs Ltd in 1984 but later it was changed to Dell Computer in 1987 whenRead More Dell SWOT Essay example1704 Words   |  7 PagesDell INC Executive summary Is the dells direct model working? Last year, the company gave up the PC market share lead to Hewlett-Packard. Dell was the only top computer company to lose worldwide PC market share. This analysis identified Dells problems and provided strategic moves for the PC maker firm. Company Background The company was founded in 1984 by Michael Dell, now the company is one of the worlds largest suppliers of personal computers and related products. It designs, developsRead MoreEssay on Dell Analysis1400 Words   |  6 PagesDell Analysis In spite of Dell’s Direct Model strategy, the company had lost any price advantage it had over its competitors. Dell also had an issue with channel inventory availability driven by the fact that their competitors were attempting to replicate their strategy. This was a large threat to the organization because they so heavily relied on just-in-time delivery of parts. Dell’s competitors faced many challenges to the direct distribution method, however. According to Exhibit 8 in theRead MoreCase Analysis on Dell, Inc.1521 Words   |  7 Pagesname is Natasha Mortimore and I have provided a detailed case analysis based upon â€Å"Dell, Inc. in 2006: Can Rivals Beat its Strategy?† In 1984, Michael Dell formed a company now known as dell, Inc. with a strategy to sell build-to-order computers directly to its customers. Customers would have to phone, fax, or order their custom built computers which eliminated the expense of middlemen known as resellers. Between the years of 1986-1993, Dell had to refine its strategy in order to gain market-credibilityRead MoreDell Direct and Not-so-Direct1390 Words   |  6 PagesWeek Six Case Analysis: Dell Direct and Not-So-Direct MRKT 5000 Online Course Julia Huelsmann Dell Direct and Not-So-Direct Case Summary: When the Texas-based Dell computer company started in 1984, its creator Michael Dell was interested in having a completely different distribution approach from his competitors. In order to keep costs low, minimize inventory costs and cater to customer needs, Dell sold directly to customers. By 1997, Dell’s distribution model was working extremelyRead MoreDell Case Study937 Words   |  4 Pagesone of the five generic competitive strategies is Dell employing? How well do the different pieces of Dell’s strategy fit together? In what way is Dell’s strategy evolving? ANSWERS As we know strategy can be define in many ways. Based on the former CEO of General Electric, He said that strategy means making clear-out choices about how to complete. So what are the elements of Dell’s strategy to be the worldwide leader in personal computer? Dell has few elements of strategy to achieve his goal

Ha3042 Taxation Law ABC Ltd Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Discuss about the Ha3042 Taxation Law. Answer: Issue The issue is to ascertain the fringe benefits liability for the employer ABC Ltd for the non-cash benefits provided to employee Alan in the income year 2017. Further, the applicability of FBT liability needs to be calculated for the given scenarios. Rule The non-cash benefits which the employer has granted to the employer for the private utilization only would be termed as fringe benefits. These benefits extend the fringe benefits liability on the employer while no incremental tax burden is levied on employee (CCH, 2013). Mobile Handset Mobile Bill In accordance to the Section 58X of Fringe Benefits Assessment Act 1986, FBT liability would not be imposed on employer, if the employer has granted the mobile handset or any electronic device to employee in regards to do work related activities. Hence, the payment of handsets bill by employer would also not create any FBT liability on employer (Barkoczy, 2015). Payment of School Fee An expense incurred in paying school fee is considered to be a private nature expense of employee. When employer has paid this amount, then FBT liability would be imposed on employer under the aegis of expenses fringe benefits (Gilders et.al., 2016). FBT liability (payment of school fee) = FBT rate * Fee amount *Gross up rate FBT rate and Gross up rate are variables that depend on the underlying income year for which computation is being performed (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2016). Meal Expense When employer hosts meal for business clients, employees or associated of employee and if the location of meal is not in the office area, then meal fringe benefits would be assumed to have been extended by the employer. It is necessary that the expense incurred must be higher than $300 or else no FBT liability would arise under the provision of minor fringe benefits exemption clause (Sadiq et.al., 2016). FBT liability under meal fringe benefits would be determined with the help of two methods furnished below: Actual Method 50-50 Split Method Brief discussions of these methods are outlined below: Actual Method According to this method, whole of the amount would be taken to find fringe benefits liability. Further, when meal has been hosted for employee (or /and their partners) then tax deduction would be applicable for employer during the taxable income computation. As, a result, the employer opts for paying FBT on the complete amount (Deutsch et. al., 2016). FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = FBT rate* Total meal expense* Gross up rate 50-50 Split Method As the name suggest, only half of meal expenses would be taken to find FBT liabilities. Therefore, to decrease the amount of FBT liabilities and take benefits, employer adopts this method when the meal has hosted for clients as no tax deduction applicable for meal expenses on clients and thus, the intent is to reduce the overall FBT liability (Woellner, 2014). FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = FBT rate* 50%* Total meal expense* Gross up rate Application Mobile Handset Mobile Bill It is apparent from the given facts that employer ABC Ltd has granted a mobile handset to Alan only for work related purpose. Therefore, under the applicability of section 58X of FBTAA 1986, extension of mobile handset would not be categorised as a fringe benefit and hence, no FBT liability would be levied on employer. Similarly, the mobile bill payment would also not be a fringe benefit because Alan does not make private calls from the handset. Payment of School Fee School fees payment by employer would create FBT liability on employer because it is a expenses fringe benefit. FBT liability (payment of school fee) = FBT rate * Fee amount *Gross up rate FBT rate (for FY2017) = 49% Fee amount = $20,000 Gross up rate (GST free, type 2 goods, FY2017) = 1.9608 FBT liability (payment of school fee) = 0.49 * 20000 * 1.9608= $19,215.84 Dinner Location of dinner hosted by ABC Ltd - Thai Restaurant (outside from office) It is apparent that ABC Ltd has extended meal fringe benefits and hence, FBT liability would be applicable on employer. 1st case 20 employee and respective partners Meal expense (for 40 people) = $6600 Meal expenses (only for 20 employees) = $3300 Spending incurred per employee = $3300/20 = $165 Expense is lower than $300 and therefore, minor fringe benefits exemption would be validated and FBT would not be created on employer. 2nd case 5 employees Meal expense (for 10 people) = $6600 Meal expenses (only for 5 employees) = $3300 Spending incurred per employee = $3300/5 = $660 Amount is higher than $300 and hence, FBT liability would impose on employer. Actual method FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = FBT rate* Total meal expense* Gross up rate FBT rate = 49% Total meal expense = $6600 Gross up rate (GST valid, type 1 goods, FY2017) = 2.1463 FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = 0.49 * 6600 *2.1463 = $ 6,941.1 3rd case Clients To reduce the FBT burden, ABC Ltd would choose 50-50 Split method. 50-50 Split method FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = FBT rate* 50%* Total meal expense* Gross up rate FBT liability (Meal fringe benefits) = 0.49* 0.5*6600 *2.1463 = $ 3,470.6 Conclusion Based on the above ground, it can be concluded that employer ABC Ltd is liable to pay fringe benefits tax liability only for school fees and for meal. There would no FBT liability arising for mobile handset extension and its payment under section 58X of FBTAA 1986. Also, the FBT liability for meal would depend on number of head counts and invitees. Issue The issue is to comment on the nature of the proceeds received from the liquidation of tennis courts and to find whether the derived income is ordinary income under section 6(5) of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Rule Assessable income would be derived by the taxpayer under the two sections of ITAA, 1997. Section 6(5) The income derived by the taxpayer from ordinary income source would amount to ordinary income. There is no direct mention of sources which highlights the exact source of ordinary income. Hence, verdict of law cases would be taken into account in order to find whether the income source is from ordinary concepts or not (Barkoczy, 2015). Income received from employment of taxpayer would generate ordinary income from personal exertion. Further, any skill (having market worth) of the taxpayer which contributes to the income of taxpayer would also result in ordinary income (CCH, 2013). Income of taxpayer received through the investment would be categorised as ordinary income. This can be rent income, dividends, interest and so forth (Gilders et. al., 2016). Income of taxpayer derived from the business action would be ordinary income. Further, it is noteworthy that the income generated from hobby would not be classified as ordinary income (Nethercott, Richardson and Devos, 2016).. Therefore, it is essential to differentiate between business action and hobby of taxpayer under the provisions of TR 97/11. Generally, profit driven action by the taxpayer is considered a business activity (Sadiq et. al., 2016). Section 15(15) The assessable income could also be derived through the isolated transaction made by the taxpayer mainly with the intention to profit. Hence, when the taxpayer who has performed any activity and involved in the isolated transaction in regards to derive profit, then in such scenario, the nature of the income would be assessable income (Deutsch et. al., 2016). The leading case for the testimony of this understanding is the Westfield Limited v. FCT (1991) FCA 97 case. The pre-requisite is having profit making intention as highlighted under TR 92/3 (Woellner, 2014). Application Relevant facts Peta is the concerned taxpayer who purchased a house located in Kew. The house is having two old tennis courts (poor conditions) at the back. The purpose of Peta is to stay in the house with her family members and to construct new units on the tennis courts and to liquidate them in future to derive profits. Local tennis club was keen to purchase the tennis courts from Peta and therefore, has extended an offer which included a pre-condition that she would have to restore the courts then only will they buy the tennis courts. Peta agreed to the offer and spent nearly $100,000 in the restoration work. She restored the two tennis courts and created fencing around them. The courts then were purchased by tennis club at a total consideration amount of $600,000. There is no proof which highlights that Peta has been running a business of tennis courts restoration and liquidation. Further, she has not worked for a firm which operates the business of tennis courts improvement and selling. Hence, it can be concluded that Peta has not derived the proceeds of $600,000 from ordinary income sources (personal, exertion, investment or business). Therefore, the income is not categorised as ordinary income under section 6(5), ITAA 1997. It can be seen that she has got involved in the restoration process which has resulted in huge profits to her. In this regards, she has made an isolated transaction of $600,000 only to earn profit. Hence, the income is assessable income under the provisions of section 15(15), ITAA 1997. Conclusion It can be cited that income of $600,000 is not ordinary income under section 6-(5). However, none the less, it still would be covered under assessable income as it falls under s. 15(15), TIAA 1997. References Barkoczy,S. 2015, Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, 7thed., North Ryde: CCH Publications CCH 2013, Australian Master Tax Guide 2013, 51st ed., Sydney: Wolters Kluwer Deutsch, R., Freizer, M., Fullerton, I., Hanley, P., and Snape, T. 2016, Australian tax handbook 8th ed., Pymont: Thomson Reuters, Gilders, F., Taylor, J., Walpole, M., Burton, M. and Ciro, T. 2016, Understanding taxation law 2016, 9th ed., Sydney: LexisNexis/Butterworths. Nethercott, L., Richardson, G. and Devos, K. 2016, Australian Taxation Study Manual 2016, 4th ed., Sydney: Oxford University Press Sadiq, K, Coleman, C, Hanegbi, R, Jogarajan, S, Krever, R, Obst, W, and Ting, A 2016 ,Principles of Taxation Law 2016, 8th ed., Pymont:Thomson Reuters Woellner, R 2014, Australian taxation law 2014, 7th ed., North Ryde: CCH Australia

Winter Storm free essay sample

Winter storm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Snowstorm redirects here. For other uses, see Snowstorm (disambiguation). A winter storm is an event in which the dominant varieties of precipitation are forms that only occur at cold temperatures, such as snow or sleet, or a rainstorm where ground temperatures are cold enough to allow ice to form (i. e. freezing rain). In temperate continental climates, these storms are not necessarily restricted to the winter season, but may occur in the late autumn and early spring as well. Very rarely, hey may form in summer, though it would have to be an abnormally cold summer, such as the summer of 1816 in the Northeast United States of America. In many locations in the Northern Hemisphere, the most powerful winter storms usually occur in March (such as the 1993 Superstorm) and, in regions where temperatures are cold enough, April. Approaching winter storm in Salt Lake City. We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Storm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Snowstorms are storms where large amounts of snow fall. Snow is less dense than liquid water, by a factor of approximately 10 at temperatures slightly below freezing, and even more at much colder temperatures. citation needed] Therefore, an amount f water that would produce 0. 8 in. (2 cm. ) of rain could produce at least 8 in (20 cm) of snow. Two inches of snow (5 cm. ) is enough to create serious disruptions to traffic and school transport (because of the difficulty to drive and maneuver the school buses on slick roads). This is particularly true in places where snowfall is uncommon but heavy accumulating snowfalls can happen (e. g. , Atlanta, Seattle, London, Dublin, Canberra, Vancouver and Las Vegas). In places where snowfall is common, such as Utica, Detroit, Denver, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, NY, Toronto and Minneapolis, such small snowfalls are rarely disruptive, because winter tires are used, though snowfalls in excess of 6 in (1 5 cm) usually are. A massive snowstorm with strong winds and other conditions meeting certain criteria is known as a blizzard. A large number of heavy snowstorms, some of which were blizzards, occurred in the United States during 1888 and 1947 as well as the early and mid-1990s. The snowfall of 1947 exceeded two feet with drifts and snow piles from plowing that reached twelve feet and for months, temperatures did not rise high enough to melt the snow. The 1993 Superstorm was manifest as a blizzard in most of the affected area. Large snowstorms could be quite dangerous: a 6 in. (1 5 cm. ) snowstorm will make some unplowed roads impassible, and it is possible for automobiles to get stuck in the snow. Snowstorms exceeding 12 in (30 cm) especially in southern or generally warm climates will cave the roofs of some homes and cause the loss of power. Standing dead trees can also be brought down by the weight of the snow, especially if it is wet or very dense. Even a few inches of dry snow can form drifts many feet high under windy conditions. Dangers of Snow snow brings secondary dangers that can affect us thoroughly if we are near the place. Mountain snowstorms can produce cornices and avalanches. An additional danger, following a snowy winter, is spring flooding if the snow melts suddenly due to a dramatic rise in air temperature. Deaths can occur from hypothermia, infections brought on by frostbite or car accidents due to slippery roads. Fires and carbon monoxide poisoning can occur after a storm causes a power outage. There are also several cases of heart attacks caused by overexertion while shovelling heavy wet snow. Wintry showers or wintry mixes Many factors influence the form precipitation will take, and atmospheric temperatures are influential as well as ground conditions. Sometimes, near the rain/ snow interface a region of sleet or freezing rain will occur. It is difficult to predict what form this precipitation will take, and it may alternate between rain and snow. Therefore, weather forecasters Just predict a wintry mix. Usually, this type of precipitation occurs at temperatures between -2 oc and 2 oc (28 OF and 36 OF). Heavy showers of freezing rain are one of the most dangerous types of winter storm. They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature is near O oc (32 OF), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing. A storm in which only roads freeze is called a freezing rain storm; one resulting in widespread icing of plants and infrastructure is called an ice storm. While a 10 cm (4 in) snowstorm is somewhat manageable by the standards of the northern United States and Canada, a comparable 1 cm (0. 4 in) ice storm will paralyze a region: driving becomes extremely hazardous, telephone and power lines are damaged, and crops may be ruined. Because they do not require extreme cold, ice storms often occur in warm temperature climates (such as the southern United States) and cooler ones. Ice storms in Florida will often destroy entire orange crops. Notable ice storms include an El Niho-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England. Three million people lost power, some for as long as six weeks. One-third of the trees in Montreals Mount Royal park were damaged, as well as a large proportion of the sugar-producing maple trees. The amount of economic amage caused by the storm has been estimated at $3 billion Canadian. The Ice Storm of December 2002 in North Carolina resulted in massive power loss throughout much of the state, and property damage due to falling trees. Except in the mountainous western part of the state, heavy snow and icy conditions are rare in North Carolina. The Ice Storm of December 2005 was another severe winter storm producing extensive ice damage across a large portion of the Southern United States on December 14 to 16. It led to power outages and at least 7 deaths. In January 2005 Kansas had been declared a major disaster zone by President George W. Bush after an ice storm caused nearly $39 million in damages to 32 counties. Federal funds were provided to the counties during January 4-6, 2005 to aid the recovery process. [1] The January 2009 Central Plains and Midwest ice storm was a crippling and accumulation, and a few of inches of snow on top it. This brought down power lines, causing some people to go without power for a few days, to a few weeks. In some cases, some didnt see power for a month or more. At the height of the storm, more than 2 million people were without power. Graupel Ice crystals fall through a cloud of super-cooled droplets-minute cloud droplets that ave fallen below freezing tempature but have not frozen. The ice crystal plows into the super-cooled droplets and they immediately freeze to it. This process forms graupel, or snow pellets, as the droplet continues to accumulate on the crystal. The pellets bounce when they hit the ground. Ice pellets Main article: Ice pellets Out ahead of the passage of a warm front, falling snow may partially melt and refreeze into a frozen rain drop before it reaches the ground.

The Pact Essay Essays

The Pact Essay Essays The Pact Essay Essay The Pact Essay Essay The reason this book was written was not to entertain us with their life, but to inspire people who dont believe in their selves. Dry. Sampson Davis, Dry. George Jenkins, and Dry. Rammer Hunt want to share their story to show people that you can truly do anything if you put your mind to it. Growing up in Newark, New Jersey was not easy for these three boys. The streets were dangerous, each of their familys had money issues, and they had broken homes. There werent many people who pushed and inspired these boys to do great things. George became inspired to be a dentist when e was just a young boy. Rammer relied on his grandmother, who he called Mac to help him throughout his life. In high school, there was a presentation from Sexton Hall about an Educational Opportunity Program. The POP had a program called the Pre-Medical/Pre-Dental Plus Program. This program helped people who didnt have enough money to start medical school. George, Sam, and Rammer decided to make a pact they were going to medical school. George, Sam, and Rammer changed their outlook on life after going through the premedical program and completing medical school. They grew up on he streets trying to stay out of trouble, and somehow managed to push themselves to becoming doctors. There were many instances where they got in trouble with the police. They had problems with drugs and alcohol in the area, as well as getting robbed. After making the pact to go through medical school, they realized how important it was to straighten out their lives each time they got in trouble. They had faith in each other and more importantly their selves. They were encouraged by many people along their journey of becoming doctors. The road to becoming doctors and dentists was without a doubt very tough. However, it was a learning experience. When George, Sam, and Rammer went back home after succeeding in their schooling, they realized how their lives could Of turned out. They learned to succeed in something as hard as media school; you need the support of others. Having a group of trustworthy friend with the same goals as you, and adults who believe in you is what will push you through the hard times. They learned they couldnt be afraid to lean on their friends when they needed them. When they needed help and support they couldnt be afraid to ask for it or show they needed it. George, Sam, an Rammer also learned that communication is the key. You cant go through lie alone; you need to open up to people and be honest with those you trust. Most importantly, they learned how to believe in yourselves and your friend If you have faith in yourself, you will go much farther than if you think you cant. Overall, The Pact, written by Dry. Sampson Davis, Dry. George Jenkins, and Rammer Hunt was a great book. The message in this autobiography was true inspiring. It taught me that you dont have to have a beautiful childhood to become successful. It is never too late to turn your life around. The only tail I didnt enjoy in this book was the changing of authors. It became confusing keep up with what events happened to each person. However, I did like hoi, you could see the different perspectives of each of them. I would defiantly recommend The Pact to others. Especially, if they need help believing they can achieve something. This book has a great message and is inspiring to al that read it. Could of turned out. They learned to succeed in something as hard as medical school; you need the support of others.

20 Verbs Smothered by Bes

20 Verbs Smothered by Bes 20 Verbs Smothered by â€Å"Be†s 20 Verbs Smothered by â€Å"Be†s By Mark Nichol Below are phrases in which a form of â€Å"to be† plus an adjective (or a preposition and a noun) and, often, a preposition can easily be replaced by a simple form of the verb (occasionally accompanied by a preposition), resulting in a more concise statement: 1. Before: â€Å"She is able (or unable) to think for herself.† After: â€Å"She can (or cannot) think for herself.† 2. Before: â€Å"This rule is applicable to both scenarios.† After: â€Å"This rule applies to both scenarios.† 3. Before: â€Å"They are authorized (or empowered) to speak on our behalf.† After: â€Å"They may speak on our behalf.† 4. Before: â€Å"The company is benefited by this policy.† After: â€Å"The company benefits from this policy.† 5. Before: â€Å"The agreement is binding upon both parties.† After: â€Å"The agreement binds both parties.† 6. Before: â€Å"The compound is derived from a chemical reaction.† After: â€Å"The compound derives from a chemical reaction.† 7. Before: â€Å"We are desirous of your reply.† After: â€Å"We desire your reply.† 8. Before: â€Å"She is in agreement with us.† After: â€Å"She agrees with us.† 9. Before: â€Å"He will be in attendance at the event.† After: â€Å"He will attend the event.† 10. Before: â€Å"Their behavior is indicative of what you can expect from them.† After: â€Å"Their behavior indicates what you can expect of them.† 11. Before: â€Å"He is in error in his account of the incident.† After: â€Å"He errs in his account of the incident.† 12. Before: â€Å"It was in existence at that moment.† After: â€Å"It existed at that moment.† 13. Before: â€Å"She is influential on his artistic style.† After: â€Å"She influences his artistic style.† 14. Before: â€Å"I am in possession of some incriminating evidence.† After: â€Å"I hold some incriminating evidence.† (In this case, â€Å"I possess . . .† in place of â€Å"I am in possession of . . .† would imply ownership, not temporary possession, which is what the original sentence implies.) 15. Before: â€Å"My colleague is in receipt of the document.† After: â€Å"My colleague received the document.† 16. Before: â€Å"The mechanism will soon be operative.† After: â€Å"The mechanism will soon operate.† 17. Before: â€Å"The company was in violation of several regulations.† After: â€Å"The company violated several regulations.† 18. Before: â€Å"The committee was productive of a thorough report.† After: â€Å"The committee produced a thorough report.† 19. Before: â€Å"This advertising campaign will be effectively promotive of the product.† After: â€Å"This advertising campaign will effectively promote the product.† 20. Before: â€Å"We are supportive of your efforts.† After: â€Å"We support your efforts.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Work of Art TitlesHow often is "bimonthly"?

How does changing the ways in which we connect to others offer us new, Essay

How does changing the ways in which we connect to others offer us new, positive possibilities How does it affect us negatively - Essay Example There are plenty of ways to connect nowadays, though the old traditional one is coming face to face for a conversation – it enables the fullest effect and the most genuine emotions. However, it is often impossible because of the distance, lack of time or other factors. Nowadays, technologies offer the mankind a thousand options and opportunities – for work, shopping, entertainment and communication. One doesn’t need travel to another part of the country or even the world to see and talk to his/her relatives as it is now possible to call them on the phone, e-mail them or write on Facebook. Keeping in touch with friends is also much easier via social networking technologies, and prompt professional communications are guaranteed as cellphones, faxes and computers are always at your fingertips. In general, technology has been playing a significant role in our lives recently, and its importance continues to increase. Growing popularity of the World Wide Web make us mo re and more addicted to the new ways of communication and connecting to people. In fact, our entire social life beginning with childhood is now dominated by technological means of communication, which produces a complex and dubious effect on us. Technologies as new ways of connecting to people may either offer opportunities or impose difficulties on people, and this issue is considered in works of Sherry Turkle and Adam Gopnik. Adam Gopniks essay, â€Å"Bumping into Mr. Ravioli†, offers a look at the issue of overwhelming technologies, perpetual busyness caused by them and the state of suspension in communication between people. Turkle elaborates on related ideas in her book, â€Å"Alone Together† (the fragment of which was offered for reading), promoting the idea that technologies crowd our lives overwhelming us and making us tired of life they make possible. Thus, technological means of communication and connection to the outer world produce an ambiguous mixed effect on

Why did European states engage in a process of economic integration Essay

Why did European states engage in a process of economic integration Are the original reasons still valid today - Essay Example The competition was expected to increase in the integrated market was expected to result to productive allocation of the economic resources. Integration was aimed at providing the investors with incentives to invest in innovations improving the dynamic efficiency of the economy. The consumers in the market benefited from the integration as the prices were low and there was more variety of goods and services. The internal market has played an important role in promoting integration though the potential has not been exploited fully. This paper gives an outlook at the reasons why the states engage in market integration, the benefits and shortcomings. There has been a constant relation between the political system and the legislative system over the past few decades resulting to the implementation and formulation of internal programmes and policies that contribute to integration. Law and politics are seen to interact and this has led to the laying down of policies that lead to the strengthening of the regional integration through increased competition, regional policy and industrial policy as explained by Geradin (2004). This has led to drastic improvements in the agricultural sector, fisheries, social systems and the environment. The level of justice has improved leading to the overall changes in the home affairs of the member states. This has led to the adoption of a common currency and market liberalisation in the region. This is however a representative since in most sectors there is a portfolio of initiatives instead of having a single one encompassing many policies. The European Union was initiated in the 1980s with the publication of the White Paper that mainly dealt with the establishment of a common market. This was mainly to fight against the political, monetary and economic crisis experience in the past decades. The union helped in the restoring confidence in the European market and improving the performance of

Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey Essay Example for Free

Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey Essay If you visit Qinling Mountain and walk through the forests, you may see some golden figure swinging from trees to trees. They are golden snub-nosed monkeys, which I think are the most beautiful kind of primates in the world. Golden snub-nosed monkeys are famous for their golden hair and pale blue faces. Another obvious characteristic of this kind of monkeys is that there are no bones in their noses. With these features, you can easily recognize them. Golden snub-nosed monkeys are about 66-76cm in length, but their long tails are 56-72cm long. Male monkeys are 16. 4kg, while female monkeys are 9. 4kg. (Chinese golden monkey – interesting fact) They are usually founded in groups in temperate places such as conifer and broadleaf deciduous, so their mainly food is leaves. However, they eat different food in different seasons, such as fruits, seeds and buds. (G. S. M Taxonomy, Morphology, Ecology online) Golden snub-nosed monkeys are kind of vulnerable animals because they have many natural enemies like goshawks, wolves, leopards and foxes. Voice and actions are two main ways they use in communication. (G. S. M Behavior online) If you hear high screams, probably there are predators approaching monkeys. Golden snub-nosed monkeys are rare and endangered and have already been listed in IUCN (International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). According to the research, they have three main threats, which are lumbering, residential areas and hunting. (Yongcheng, L. Richardson, M. 2008) What’s more, it is believed by some people that golden snub-nosed monkeys’ fur can cure rheumatism, an illness that makes joints or muscles stiff and painful. These years, many nature reserves have been set up to protect them. But because golden snub-nosed monkeys can only produce one baby each time, the amount of them is increasing slowly. They need more care and love and we humans are deserved to do that.

Exams Are Unfair Assessments Of Progress :: essays research papers

Exams Are Unfair Assessments of Progress   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most educators believe that exams are the best way to judge a student's ability. They believe that students' ability can be judged depending on the marks or grades that students get in the exams. They also think that studying for exams can help students review and absorb the things they have learned. Actually, many people hate exams because they disagree that exams are realistic tools for rating progress. The three main reasons for me to believe that exams are unfair assessments of progress are: the effects of pressure, the reliability of the exam result and the purpose of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First of all, exams cause too much pressure for students. Some students commit suicide before they take an exam because they do not have self-confidence to face to the exam. Some students commit suicide after their exams because they can not get good marks in their exams and they can not stand the pressure of their parents. In addition, many students usually forget all of the things that they have already learned when they are taking their exams because they are too nervous, but they can remember all the things again after they finish their exams. Also, many students suffer insomnia because they are too worry about their exams. They do not have enough sleep, so they can not do well in their exams. Secondly, the exam results of the students are not reliable. Some students cheat in the exams. For example, they just copy the answers from their cheating papers to their answer sheets. Although their answers are correct, they do not really know the answers. Also, some student guess what questions might appear in the exams and only study that part of the course material. They can get good results in their exams without studying hard if they are lucky. Furthermore, many students get poor results in the exams because they do not have enough time to finish the exam papers, but not because they don't know the answers. The marking standard of examiners is also very unsteady. Sometimes, the marking standard might depend on the emotion of the examiners.

Uniform Commerical Code (UCC)

The UCC refers to the Uniform Commercial Code which originally created in year 1952 by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Law Institute, which are two national nongovernmental legal organizations (Steingold, 2013). These two private entities recommend that the 50 state governments adopt the UCC; however, it does not become law unless it’s enacted by the state. The UCC is a â€Å"comprehensive statutory scheme which includes laws that cover aspects of commercial transactions† (Cheeseman, 2012, p. 161).The UCC divided into nine main articles; general provisions; sales and leases, negotiable instruments, bank deposits and collections, funds transfer, letters of credit, bulk transfers/bulk sales, documents of title, investment securities and secured transactions (Steingold, 2013). The UCC contains many fundamental rules with over a hundred different sections with the two main provisions being the UCC article 2 (sales) and article 2a (leases). If the states want to conduct business transactions such as borrowing money, leasing equipment, establishing contracts and selling goods, these are excellent sections to use under the UCC.Why UCC is necessary By the turn of the 20th century, as the national economy grew, there seem to be a need, and it became necessary to regulate business transactions in a uniform way (Kent, 2013). The UCC believed to become necessary in order to protect business well as individuals, for uniformity, with a primary purpose to make business laws highly consistent across all the American fifty states by making business activities more predictable and efficient.In the words of the UCC itself, the Code intended â€Å"to simplify, clarify and modernize† commercial law, â€Å"to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions† (Steingold, 2013, para. 1). This unified act, UCC, is an effort t o harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions within the United States of America in all fifty states (US Legal, Inc. , 2013). Harmonizing the state laws considered also as being of important due to the prevalence of commercial transaction that extend beyond just one state; for example, one state may manufacture the good, another state may warehouse goods, the next state may be use to sell goods, and the last state to deliver the goods.The UCC goal is to achieve substantial uniformity in commercial laws, and at the same time it allows the states the flexibility to meet circumstances locally by modifying the UCC’s text as enacted in each state. The reason the 50 states have adopted the UCC Given what's known about the law of contact verse Uniform Commercial Code, it’s believed that the reason that the 50 states and territories have enacted some versions of UCC is because it addresses most aspects of commercial laws and aspects of uniformity.In addition, the UCC rules applies directly or indirectly to so many transactions concerning business offers goods and/or services (including software) or products that most state more than likely feel it to be a good idea to comply because it brings uniformity. The UCC provides links directly to the state statues and once the state legislature adopts and enacts UCC it then becomes a state statute law and coded. Benefits & detriments of the UCC replacementOne significant benefit to UCC replacing the traditional law of contracts is that there is no development of contract forms. By adopting the UCC, other benefits are; interstate transactions, standardized commercial expectations, commercial stability, cost reduction and international trade. â€Å"The Uniform Commercial Code contributed significantly to the establishing of uniform laws governing commercial transactions from one state to the next: therefore, interstate commerce is more effectively and efficiently undertaken† (Broemmel, 201 3, para.2).UCC also makes commercial transaction less complex, simpler and by using the UCC it will help the states facilitate their sales of good, any banking transaction, as well as other areas within the UCC easier. All business can enjoy standardized commercial expectations because of the state laws governing commercial transaction uniformed. In addition, the UCC develops a strong sense of commercial stability because the UCC requires a contract for a sale of goods over $500 be in writing (Broemmel, 2013, para. 4).As well, because of the commercial standardization created by the Uniform Commercial Code, other benefits of the UCC; cost reduction and price control (Broemmel, 2013, para. 5). Lastly, the benefit for international trade, â€Å"the UCC allows for expedited international trade because of the establishment of a uniform system of commercial law in each of the states, both the export and import of goods into the United States undertaken more efficiently, with significant ly less red tape and in a more cost-effective manner† (Broemmel, 2013, para.6).On the other side, from the commerce standpoint, the disadvantages to the UCC replacing the traditional law of contracts comes into play when it comes to consideration, it potentially does not take everything into account that may be of interest to the state, causing a conflict of laws. Another concern is with the change of technology, and the UCC needs to maintain a pace with the change of technology as methods by which commerce conducted changes.As well, when it comes to UCC filings, Dunn & Bradstreet states â€Å"it is one of their determinants features on their credit report† (Business. com Media, Inc. , 2013). â€Å"A UCC filing is a business document, filed to the Secretary of State, to enact a lien on a business† (Business. com, Media, Inc. , 2013, para. 2).

Educational Theory: Essentialism and Perennialism Essay

Abstract Keywords phies. Applications of Essentialism and Perennialism that include roles and impacts on certain groups including students, teachers, and administrators are outlined. A conclusion is offered that analyzes current philosophical viewpoints and a solution is offered to teachers that frames present philosophical thought to inform and support teachers in creating a successful classroom environment aimed at promoting achievement for all students. Philosophical Overviews Essentialism Perennialism Philosophical Overviews Central to all academic disciplines and the formation of ideas are the philosophies that guide our values and beliefs regarding a given academic discipline. Public education in the United States is guided by five main philosophical viewpoints. These philosophical viewpoints include: †¢ Essentialism, †¢ Progressivism, †¢ Perennialism, †¢ Existentialism, and †¢ Behaviorism. The guiding philosophies of education reflect not only the internal assumptions of the individual teacher, but they also construct the culture of schools and school districts. Clashes occur when guiding philosophies conflict. Philosophies are also tied to an individual’s or organization’s underlying values, which values are difficult to change, unless an internal transformation occurs within an individual or an organization. Another influence of change in a given school occurs when a new administrator brings their own philosophy to the educational environment that is different than previously held beliefs. However, the overarching determinants for philosophies that drive the public education system are derived from the university or college education program. Any real or substantive transformation in public education environments typically occurs, because of changes in higher education philosophies. These philosophies are derived from the original philosophers who wrote about the philosophy and reflect a much earlier time and societal construct. In response to changing societal views Applications Students Teachers Administrators Issues Barriers to Essentialism in America’s Classrooms Barriers to Perennialism in America’s Classrooms Conclusion Terms & Concepts Bibliography Suggested Reading Abstract An overview of Essentialism and Perennialism, their philosophical definitions, historical underpinnings, and their role and impacts on student learning in public school education environments is presented. Also presented is a brief overview of potential applications of Essentialism and Perennialism and their relationship to specific subjects, which are â€Å"basic subjects.† Further analyzed are ways public education has been impacted by different philoso- Keywords Education Educational Foundations Essentialism Life-long Learning Perennialism and internal value systems governing philosophies that inspire the teacher’s relationship with the student, philosophies for many educators and institutions have changed from teacher-centered to more student-centered beliefs. Essentialism and Perennialism are two philosophical viewpoints contributing to education foundations and these are examined in this paper. Essentialism William Bagley was considered the founding philosopher of the Essentialist movement. Bagley’s philosophy of education argued that students should learn â€Å"something† in addition to the process of thinking. The philosophy also asserted that other philosophies over-emphasized the process of learning instead of content knowledge in the curriculum (Null, 2003). The movement â€Å"essentially† began with Bagley’s deeply held value that education should teach knowledge from the past, because if students were separated from past knowledge the future of democracy would be endangered. Bagley and other Essentialists believed that education should be rich in basic curriculum content and the need for stricter discipline in the educational environment. The Essentialist philosophy became popular when the American society had been challenged by the Great Depression. Bagley argued that the duty of education should be teach to democracy and these teachings should offset the overemphasis on growth and individualism (Bagley, 1934, 123 – 126). In fact, in his writings, Bagley was resolute in reminding educational professionals that a healthy democracy was dependant on strong curriculum content. In his first book, The Educative Process, Bagley wrote, The charge of â€Å"loose† schoolcraft and a demand for a return to the older and harsher educative methods frequently recur in contemporary educational literature. Under the present regime, it is asserted, drill and discipline have become obsolete terms, effort is at a discount, and the net result is a loss of stamina and a weakening of the moral fiber. The harsher methods, it is maintained, have been justly eliminated†¦.Both parties to this controversy appear to have neglected some very important data that have been accumulated during the past ten years by the now unpopular and much-abused cult of â€Å"Child Study,† and this neglect is the more unfortunate because the light that child study throws upon the main questions at issue renders these heated and speculative discussions quite superfluous (Bagley, 1905, 184 – 185). Sadker and Sadker (1994) reported that present day American Essentialism accepts the social, political, and economic structure of American society and culture and is a fairly conservative philosophy. Essentialists believe that the role of educators is to instill traditional American values like the â€Å"respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality† (p. 369). In the classroom, the educator’s role may be impacted by these beliefs in two ways. First, in a classroom constructed by this philosophy, parents would potentially see traditional disciplines like math, science, history, foreign language, and literature being taught. Second, the teacher’s role in the Essentialist classroom would be to serve as a model for the students in intellectual and moral capacities. Based on these conclusions, the Essentialist educator’s goal is that all students will possess basic skills, an extensive body of knowledge, and disciplined pragmatic minds ready to meaningfully contribute to a democratic society in America. The overarching theme of American Essentialist teaching is to center on learning and applying basic skills in the real world. Parents most likely will not see very much teacher creativity or student choice in the Essentialist classroom, because teaching is based on an information delivery model that students receive and apply. Also, parents would probably not see a proclivity toward differentiation for the diverse learner. In some Essentialist classrooms, educators have blended Perennialism into the framework of their instruction. Perennialism Perennialism is based on the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle, and St. Thomas Aquinas. According to Rohmann (1999), Aquina’s primary goal was to reconcile faith and reason or philosophy and revelation (p. 23). There are also two types of Perennialists: those who maintain a religious approach to education like Aquinas, and those who follow a more secular view developed in the twentieth century by two well-known educational philosophers, Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler. According to William F. Buckley, Jr. (2001), Mortimer Adler read Plato’s works while working as a secretary to the editor of the New York Sun, and resolved to become a philosopher. Later, Adler partnered with Robert Hutchins, then president of the University of Chicago. Together these two philosophers advocated for a new of thinking and embarked on a philosophical journey that ultimately changed the shape of public education (p. 54). Their philosophies extended a new way of thinking known as Perennialism. Specifically, Hutchins and Adler promoted the Secular Perennialist view. Secular Perennialists advocate education as a means of constructing a common foundation of historical thought and reason directed at transforming the student’s paradigm or way of thinking. Secular Perennialist thinkers believe that in order to ensure societal survival, all citizens must be exposed to and taught ways of thinking that will secure individual freedoms, human rights, and responsibilities true to the nature of a Democracy. According to Hutchins, these beliefs do not come from text books. He stated: The products of American high schools are illiterate; and a degree from a famous college or university is no guarantee that the graduate is in any better case. One of the most remarkable features of American society is that the difference between the â€Å"uneducated† and the â€Å"educated† is so slight (Hutchins, 1954). To support this premise, Mortimer Adler wrote: The two major obstacles to reform have been mentioned elsewhere. One is the persistent failure of educators to recognize that a proportionate equality of results can be achieved when children who differ markedly in the degree of their educability are given the same quality or kind of schooling. The other is the persistent refusal of the educational establishment to replace the scheme of grading that puts a student in his or her niche on the bell-shaped curve by an assessment of the student’s achievement wholly in terms of that student’s capacity without reference to any other individual’s achievement (Adler, n.d.). Essentially, Perennialism teaches concepts and focuses on knowledge and the meaning of knowledge. A classroom constructed from this format typically espouses a traditional philosophy where a teacher answers questions and inquires from the students in order for them to gain an understanding. This format allows students to gain the ability to develop a full â€Å"range of rational powers.† While students learn the â€Å"profound and enduring† ideas present throughout time, there is little emphasis on those who learn discipline by using textbooks (Shaw, 2006). Philosophically, Perennialism seems to espouse personal development and internal transformation rather than focusing on specific disciplines. The crux of Perennialism seems to initiate multiple ways of thinking about given curriculum, rather than a â€Å"one-size fits all approach† and dedication to one set of ideas taught through one specific curriculum. The Perennialist might freely enact debate and see the act of thoughtful debate as an advantage in response to reading a given text, because the debate itself would allow students the opportunity to think about specific texts and form their own processes of thoughts and conclusions. Within this framework, it can be theorized that the Perennialist classroom would encompass the drive for reflective thought based on inquiry. It can be argued that the overarching goal of the Perennialist classroom is to promote opportunities for students to interpret, question, and think, in order to prosper keen insights and renewed thinking about old ideas. A parent, sending their child to the Perennialist classroom would inevitably see an orderly teaching environment adhering to specific rules and common forms of basic curriculum driven by thoughtful debate, inquiry, and teacher driven student introspection. Based on the evidence supporting Perennialism as a traditional philosophical model, a parent most likely would not see differentiated thinking strategies employed for the non-traditional thinker. After reviewing literature that described these philosophies, and seeking to understand the established philosophies regarding educational foundations in public schools in the United States, it is easily arguable that both of these philosophies of Essentialism and Perennialism can be readily discerned in classrooms across Amer-ica. It can can also be elaborated that most higher education teacher training courses have been founded on the premise of inquiry and thought, underscored by established, district approved or state mandated curricula, which are also supported by Essentialism and Perennialism. However, after reviewing the literature and contemplating deeply, multiple conclusions can be drawn and applications suggested for students, teachers, and administrators. Applications Students It can be theorized that educational philosophies drive the classroom environment of all classrooms in all educational environments. These educational philosophies are largely driven by specific values that individual teachers hold, which are derived from the teacher’s internal assumptions. The teacher’s internal assumptions drive attitudes governing student-teacher relationships, student discipline, and student learning. These internal assumptions and value systems are the clay that shapes that classroom environment and all of the attitudes held within. For students, they may never understand why conflict exists within the classroom environment between themselves and a teacher, in the case of a student with diverse needs or non-traditional thinking patterns. In addition to experiencing conflict within a classroom environment, students may be struggling with a myriad of family issues, learning issues, and internal conflict. The classroom and the teacher-student relationship may be the primary source for the student to learn and relate. In the face of this conflict, students may not be able to clearly articulate their conflict. Quite simply, some types of philosophies invite fewer kinds of interactions and student-teacher relationships. Students may not understand how or why their classroom has been formed in accordance with specific philosophical underpinnings. An argument could be made that students would benefit from a deeper understanding regarding why the classroom environment has been constructed in a given framework. Teachers should consider sharing their philosophical viewpoints with students in order to allow students the opportunity to reflect on specific attributes of the classroom environment, teacher attitudes, and student expectations. This kind of communication could occur regardless of the philosophies that teachers hold regarding other types of classroom contructs. For teachers struggling with one type of philosophical construct in terms of motivating students or building positive relationships with parents, communicating their philosophical viewpoint could be helpful for alleviating tension and conflict to allow students a window of insight into why the classroom has been designed in accordance with specific guidelines. Teachers In most teacher education formation courses, students formulate a philosophy statement of how their classroom will be designed. Many times, student teachers will be able to test their philosophy during the student teaching experience. However, most students are only given a limited overview of specific philosophies that might shape their philosophical view. Typically, specific philosophies like Essentialism, Progressivism, Perennialism, Existentialism, and Behaviorism taught in undergra duate programs are taught in an introductory foundations course or in conjunction with educational psychology classes. The philosophies taught in university classes are typically guided by the philosophy of the given philosophical platform adopted by the university education department. Based on these assumptions, teachers need to understand that the initial philosophies that guide their educational platform most likely will evolve and transform as the educator matures and new ways of thinking are constructed. It is possible that a teacher’s philosophies will grow or completely transform as the teacher recognizes the specific needs in the classroom environment and decide to meet all of the needs in the classroom. Teachers originally dedicated to one philosophy may later find themselves adopting a multi-philosophical approach that will govern their classroom approaches. Understanding the philosophies of the teaching discipline is useful for multiple reasons. First, it is helpful to know that philosophy springs from our ideas as humans. These are the â€Å"intangibles that fuel our thoughts, theories, philosophies, beliefs, ideologies,† and an overview of the the thinkers who articulated them. It can be argued that ideas â€Å"are the foundations of our culture. They inspire our thoughts and inform our beliefs. Many of them form the very basis of our identity† (Rohmann, 1999, p. ix). These intangibles are central to how we view ourselves and those in relationship with us. Most likely, these relationships will impact attitudes toward students and colleagues. Teachers need to critically understand that many of the conflicts that arise in schools and between school personnel are tied to the philosophies we hold that result in a clash of ideas. When one teacher holds a dramatically different view of their role than another teacher, conflict may occur. One of the central conflicts currently present in education exists between the external culture of the federal government mandating specific demands that edu cators must meet. Teachers often hold a very different view regarding mandated testing or standards established by No Child Left Behind. Teachers often view these mandates as inhibitors for creating a research based, thought provoking classroom resulting a student-centered, â€Å"learningful† educational environment. Solutions to these dilemmas are not readily obtainable, but the beginning of understanding arises from knowing ourselves and our individual philosophies regarding education and our role as teachers. Administrators Administrators are central to preparing the educational environment for teachers and students. Philosophical constructs are the building blocks for this preparation. Even in graduate programs preparing administrators for leadership, these formative philosophies are not readily taught. Only when administrators seek understanding or prepare a thesis or increase their educational preparation to better understand philosophical viewpoints can they begin to learn the culture of the school over which they preside. These philosophies govern all interactions within a school and determine attitudes of all adults within the educational set- ting. The nature of conflict is derived when philosophies clash. For new administrators entering a school setting in which conflict is prevalent, it would be helpful to understand the philosophical underpinnings that guide the cultural construct. Only after these philosophical underpinnings can be analyzed will a new philosophical platform emerge to guide the leadership of the school. For administrators, philosophical constructs influence district policies and district relationships. Occasionally, conflict arises when philosophical viewpoints are opposed. In addition to the administrator’s role in overseeing the school staff, administrators must also balance their role in a larger context. Before entering into administration, professionals should apply for positions in districts with matching philosophies. Issues Both the Essentialist and Perennialist philosophies appear to be much more teacher centered than student centered. These philosophies also reflect a much earlier time in American history when cultural mandates significantly influenced established philosophies of specific eras and generations. For other various reasons, barriers exist that preclude full integration of either model. Barriers to Essentialism in America’s Classrooms Based on the background of Essentialism and its underpinnings, the philosophy adopts a highly conservative construct, which potentially clashes with the political philosophies of today’s educational setting. The central concept of Essentialism seems to be a â€Å"back to basics† approach to traditional educational concepts. The academics of the philosophy are mainly driven by the notion that American schools should transmit the traditional moral values and intellectual knowledge that students need to become model citizens. It can be argued that Essentialists believe the role of education is to instill traditional American virtues as respect for authority, perseverance, fidelity to duty, consideration for others, and practicality. In this type of classroom, it can be asserted that â€Å"a system of diversity† would be difficult to achieve, and individuals with special education needs would experience difficulty in having their needs met. Based on the need for today’s classrooms to meet the needs of a variety of students, these are significant barriers that are not easily overcome despite the notion that Essentialism formed the foundation of the American education system and its response to preparing workers to work in factories and farms. These ideals were highly representative of early American culture and an early societal and cultural construct. However, many of these traditional American values have shifted in their composition to include more diversity in thinking, cultural construct, and societal composition. Barriers to Perennialism in America’s Classrooms Neither Essentialism nor Perennialism allows the students’ interests or experiences to substantially dictate what is taught. While the Essentialist philosophy focuses heavily on curriculum basics, Perennialism focuses more on forming critical, analytical thinkers. Well known Perennialist philosophers urged schools to spend more time teaching about concepts and explaining how these concepts are meaningful to students. However, the methodologies utilized by Perennialist thinkers to teach students to think critically are based on Socratic methodologies that most students in today’s culture could potentially view as outdated, despite the fact that many of today’s classrooms are based on the cultural norms that Essentialism and Perennialism have integrated in educational norms. In overcoming barriers to implementing Perennialist philosophical constructs, teachers should consider ways of inviting differentiated thinking processes for all students. Conclusion Essentialism and Perennialism are both heavily utilized in America’s classrooms along with an eclectic combination of the other educational philosophies. Philosophies that construct classrooms shape ways of teaching and set the backdrop for how and what students learn. In all educational environments, all of the main philosophies provide a framework for establishing classroom practices. One of the main issues in integrating philosophies is that the multiple differences in classrooms scatter the way in which students receive information and could potentially hinder how and what students learn from classroom to classroom. In order to create the most relevant learning experience for students, teachers should investigate the relevant educational philosophies, learn the specific philosophies that influence educational strategies integrated in specific learning environments, identify the philosophical constructs that seem to identify their specific ways of thinking and then utilize a philosophy that is well founded and arguable based on researched evidence of how students learn best. Essentially and perennially, the job of educators is to work for students. Best practice would suggest that the most informed philosophical background designed for each classroom dynamic would theoretically produce the best educational setting for the group of students served. Flexibility and research based practices typically inform best classroom results. Perennialism: Perennialism can be described as an educational philosophy aimed at teaching students ways of thinking that will secure individual freedoms, human rights, and responsibilities true to the nature of a Democracy. Bibliography Adler, M. J. (n.d.). â€Å"Reforming education—No quick fix,† Retrieved January 1, 2008 from Center for Applied Philosophy: The Radical Academy, http://www.radicalacademy.com Bagley, W. C. (1905). The educative process. New York: Macmillan. Buckley, Jr., W. F. (2001). Mortimer Adler is dead. National Review, 53(15), 54. Retrieved January 1, 2008 from EBSCO online database, Academic Search Premier. http:// search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A N=4891604&site=ehost-live Hutchins, R. M. (1954). Great books: The foundation of a liberal education, NY: Simon & Schuster. Null, J. W. (2004). Social efficiency splintered: Multiple meanings instead of the hegemony of one. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 19(2), 99 – 124. Retrieved January 1, 2008 from EBSCO online database, Academic Search Premier http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?dir ect=true&db=aph&AN=11801482&site=ehost-live Rohman, C. (1999). Ideas: A dictionary of important theories, concepts , beliefs, and thinkers. New York: Random House Books. Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1994). Teachers, schools and society. New York: McGraw-Hill. Shaw, L. J. (2006). Five Educational Philosophies. Retrieved January 1, 2008 from http://edweb.sdsu.edu/LShaw/ f95syll/philos/phprogr.html

Spanish Astronomy Vocabulary Words

Spanish Astronomy Vocabulary Words Because much of ancient Western knowledge about the heavens comes to us from or through people who spoke Greek or Latin. Because of this many of the Spanish words related to planets, stars and other aspects of astronomy will seem familiar as they are borrowing from Latin and Greek as well. Here are some of the most important Spanish astronomical words: Astronomical Bodies - Los cuerpos celestes Alpha Centauri - Alfa Centauriasteroid - el asteroideBig Dipper - la Osa Mayor (The Spanish name means the great female bear.)binary star - la estrella binariablack hole - el agujero negro, el hoyo negrocomet - el cometa (Note that la cometa refers to a kite.)constellation - la constelacià ³ncosmic rays - los rayos cà ³smicosdwarf planet - el planeta enano (Enano here functions as an invariable adjective.)galaxy - la galaxiagamma radiation, gamma rays - la radiacià ³n gamma, los rayos gammameteor - el  meteoro, el bà ³lidoMilky Way -   la Và ­a Lcteamoon -   la luna  (capitalized  la Luna  when referring to Earths moon)nebula -   la nebulosaneutron star - la estrella de neutronesNorth Star - la estrella Polarnova - la novaplanet -   el planetaquasar -   qusar, quasar, cusar, cuasarred dwarf -   la enana rojared giant -   la gigante rojasatellite - el satà ©litesolar system - el sistema solarstar - la estrellasun - el sol (el Sol when ref erring to Earths sun)sunspot - la mancha solar (a mancha is a stain)supernova - la supernovauniverse - el universowhite dwarf - la enana blanca Our Solar System - Nuestro sistema solar asteroid belt - el cinturà ³n de asteroidesasteroids - los asteroidesCeres - CeresEarth -   la TierraEris - ErisJupiter - el Jà ºpiterMars - el MarteMercury - el Mercuriomoon - la LunaNeptune - el NeptunoPluto - el Plutà ³nrings of Saturn - los anillos de SaturnoSaturn - el Saturnosun - el SolUranus - el UranoVenus - el Venus Other Terms - Otros tà ©rminos albedo - el albedoastronaut - el/la astronautaastronomy -   la astronomà ­aBig Bang - el Big Bang, la gran explosià ³ncrater - el crterdark matter - la materia oscuraeclipse - el eclipsefull moon - el plenilunio, la luna llenagravitational field -   el campo gravitatoriogravity - la gravedadlight year- al aà ±o luz  (los aà ±os luz in plural)magnetic field - el campo magnà ©ticonew moon - la luna nuevanuclear fusion - la fusià ³n nuclearorbit - la à ³rbitared shift - el corrimiento al rojo, el desplazamiento hacia el rojorevolution - la revolucià ³nsolar flare - la erupcià ³n solarspacecraft - la nave espacialspace probe - la sonda espacialspace shuttle - el transbordador espacial, la lanzadera espacialspace station - la estacià ³n espacialtelescope - el telescopiotheory of relativity - la teorà ­a de la relatividadtwinkling (of stars) - el centellearvacuum of space - el vacà ­o del espaciowormhole - el agujero de gusano (This is an example of a calque.)zodiac - el zodiaco, el zodà ­aco

Develop a solid career in customer service

Develop a solid career in customer service So you’ve decided customer service is the career for you! That’s great news, particularly if you’re a people person with a talent for handling different personality types. But be careful: the nature of your day-to-day work can often make it feel as though your career isn’t progressing forward. You’re so busy hopping from customer interaction to interaction, putting out fire after fire, that at the end of the day it seems like you’ve hardly made it closer to the goalposts. They seem to reset in the same place every day. If you’re along for the ride on this rapid-fire, non-stop, go-go-go ride, it can be really easy to get too burned out to try and plan your future career growth. Here are a few things you can do to make sure you’re moving forward, and not just treading water.First, decide where you ideally want to land.The field of â€Å"customer service† is actually relatively new, and is evolving at a rapid rate. There are tons of options available for you. Schedule yourself time on a recurring, frequent basis, to ask yourself what you actually want to end up doing in the longer term. Do you have a particular position or company you’d like to pursue? Then talk to your boss (or a trusted mentor) about how you can work toward your bigger goals. Don’t waste your time- if you don’t know what you want, it’s impossible to start planning how to achieve it. The sooner you figure it out, the sooner you can begin working towards more specific goals.Then, devise a specific plan.Whichever direction you choose, start strategizing and networking until you figure out a rough game plan of how to move that way. If you’re interested in management, for example, you can talk to people who’ve started where you are on the front lines and made it up to leadership roles. Ask to hear their stories. And if managing people doesn’t interest you, that’s fine! Start honing y our skills in your area of speciality, building your resume (and pursuing opportunities that will help you do just that), and building your brand. Become the go-to person in the industry that interests you the most.Finally, make the most of your time- wherever you are.Just because you’re in support now and don’t want to stay there indefinitely doesn’t mean it isn’t an important stepping stone to further opportunities. Starting out at entry-level is actually an asset. Having a support job on your resume shows that you’ve been in the trenches and know what it’s like to interface with clients day in and day out. Plus, in interviews you can talk about how you’ve honed the most important soft skills and tricks of the trade- empathy and patience.And just remember: even if you end up making a career just where you are- in support and interfacing with the customer- you can still work toward finding the most ideal position within that domain. If this is where you end up, you won’t necessarily have stagnated- you’ll have grown.

Directors remuneration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Directors remuneration - Assignment Example But, before that director’s role must be defined. Section 741 of the companies Act (CA) 1985 defines the term director: any person occupying the position of director, by whatever name that position occupying person is called (Corporate and business law (UK), exam kit, 2007/08). Primarily, this definition does not much focus on the definition of the director rather it emphasizes on the function the person performs; this stipulates that whether he is a director or not. Remuneration may include the following benefits received by directors: gains on the exercise of share options; benefits either received or receivable under long-term incentive schemes; payments received for the loss of office (as defined in the section 215); benefits and contributions receivable for the purpose of providing benefits , with respect to the past services of person as director or in any other capacity while director; (legislation.gov.uk, web); consideration paid to or consideration receivable by third parties for making available the services of a person as director or in any other capacity while director. The above given elements amounts to remuneration and benefits received by a director. ... e auditable part of the directors’ remuneration report, How much of information relating to the directors’ remuneration is to be included in the report. Additionally, it is the duty of any director of a company and any other person who is or has at any time in the preceding five years been a director of the company, to bring into the notice of the company of such matters either relating to himself as may be significant for the purposes of regulations under this section. If a person in the above mentioned capacity makes default in complying with these regulatory requirements commits an offence; as a result, he is liable and accountable on summary conviction; as a result, he would be fined for that offence according to the level 3 on the standard scale. Approval and signing of directors’ remuneration report The board of directors is authorised to approve the directors’ remuneration report and this report must be signed on behalf of the board by a director or the secretary of the company (under section 422 (1), chapter 4, Annual accounts, Companies Act 2006(c.46)). In most of the quoted companies, it is the responsibility of the company secretary to sign the directors’ remuneration report. In case, the secretary of the company is not available, any director may be authorised to sign on behalf of the board. If a directors’ remuneration report is approved but it is unable to satisfy the requirements of the Act, every directors of the company commits an offence who knew that the report did not qualify the requirements, or who failed to take appropriate steps to ensure the compliance with the Act requirements. Any person found guilty of an offence under this section will be responsible and may face a legal action provided in the company’s law. Quoted companies:

Shearwater adventures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Shearwater adventures - Essay Example Rival Sellers: Although Shearwater Adventure has differentiated itself from its rivals by offering a wide product range, the company still faces threats because the competition can either increase its product line or devise new adventures or copy those offered by Shearwater. and thus increase its sales and market share. The rivalry intensifies as new competition enters the market with low priced products and offering good deals compared to the existing ones. In addition to this, the competitors in the adventure industry are now trying to build strong dealer networks with the African local companies in order to increase their credibility, which is also a means of promotion and advertising. The practice of increase repeat bookings from the customers is spreading like fire among the competitors who try different tactics and methods to achieve this. New Entrants: Opening an adventure company in countries like South Africa, where Shearwater Adventure is currently operating, is very easy as compared to the setting up in United States due to high permit costs. In addition to this, the new entrants who focus on rafting trips have to endure a cost as low as $20,000 and if the company wants to offer all the services than the cost could be as high as $200,000. New companies would be encouraged to enter the market by seeing a double digit growth of few companies. Substitute Products: The companies in the industry are providing more or less the same the adventure products. Shearwater Adventure has tried to differentiate itself by providing more choices in the sports than any other company. Although at-least 40 extreme sports exist in the industry, it is difficult to provide them all depending on the location of the company. A company providing water sport activities will try to attract customers by positioning itself as better than land activities. In order to predict the future demand, the companies should link up

The integration of poland into the european union has been an Essay

The integration of poland into the european union has been an unqualified success.Discuss - Essay Example Much water has flowed under the bridge with in this period and Poland had undergone a sea change before it joined the EU bandwagon. If you go deeper into the past, it had travelled a long way from the former USSR controlled single-party communist political system to the much desired legislature democratic system found in many western European countries. Gone were the days of Communist repression by the Giereks, Kanias and Zarujelskis and Poland, now a blossoming democracy that has linked its destiny with the rest of the Europe, is presently looking ahead for a golden future. That Poland has gained admission into the EU indicates the political wisdom and maturity it has achieved and social transformation it has undergone over a period of time. Its much- awaited admission into the EU and integration with the west had just arrived as a climax that strengthened the already existing trade and cultural relationship between Poland and the rest of the Europe. The admission into EU of Poland had only therefore formalised and officially branded its existing relationship with the rest of the region. Like any other European country, Poland too had to meet certain stringent conditions laid down by the EU and prove its credentials in matters of political stability, commitment to human rights, democracy, protection to minorities and market economy. Cordell argues that the first post-communist Polish regime had basically accorded highest priority to the issue of integration with the West and the subsequent Governments had also adopted similar line strengthening the political sentiment in favour of EU membership (29 & 30). He suggests that all Polish Governments since 1990 had made it a point to toe the line of full integration with the military, political and economic organisations of the Western Europe that included the Council of Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Western European Union (WEU) and the European Community/ European Union (24). For the people of Poland who were vexed with the Russian supported-communist regimes till then, the change in the perception and attitude of the post-communist Governments had arrived as fresh breath of air. The fact that Poland, like Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia and some other European countries, had partly or fully enjoyed 3 patterns of culture similar to that of Western Europe for a long time had further given oxygen to the process of integration. As Slomp elaborates, most people of Poland are traditional Catholics too (164). All these factors had strengthened the popular perception of the people and political parties for total integration with the Western Europe. According to Parzymies, an observer of Polish affairs, Poland undoubtedly exhibited much enthusiasm in obtaining membership of the EU ever since its associate membership came into force partly from March 1, 1992 and fully from February 1, 1994 through the European Treaty of 1991(Para 3).But what could obviously be the benefit to either Poland or the rest of the Europe through Poland's admission into the EU Parzymies answers this by explaining that admission of Poland and

Catalonia: History of Independence

Catalonia: History of Independence 1.0 Abstract Catalonia is a historically supressed region within Spain. After 1975, when the dictator Francisco Franco died it allowed for a new democratic Spain. This has resurfaced Catalan Nationalism. Most recently the Catalan region has called for a legal referendum in 2017, as the one held in 2014 was deemed illegal. Democracy takes priority within the region which has created increased tensions and potential for violence. The report showed there has been an increase in violence and that the governance and future threats are key concerns. The report highlights the grievances within the region, that have been accumulating. 2.0 Introduction   Europe is experiencing modern day separatism, with currently over 25 active separatist movements. Spain is the most divided ‘nation’ within Europe having experienced the most civil wars of any country. Catalonia is the most profitable region in the north west of Spain making around 20 billion a year (BBC news 2013). They have recently called for another referendum in 2017 after having achieved an attendance rate during the last referendum in 2014 from the population of 30% of the 7.5 million. The polls from 2014 gaged an opinion that is in favour of independence for the region. The poll was deemed illegal by the Spanish government, which resulted in Arthur mass, Catalonia’s president, being arrested and numerous other legal cases against the Catalan politicians (The Guardian 2016). The protests, so far, have been peaceful however it has been assumed that this may not continue as an emergence of separatism could continue as theorised based upon the past and become violent. Many other places such as Scotland, who are allied in methods with Catalonia, called for a referendum in 2014 with a concluding vote of no and to stay within the United Kingdom (The financial times 2014) Most recently with 2016 the United Kingdom parted with the European union, in an event termed Brexit. The votes for Brexit were broken up into regions, Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to stay within the European union which has resurfacing a call for a referendum from Scotland to be held in 2017. Within Northern Ireland the vote has caused talks around a united Ireland or for Northern Ireland to become independent. With the success of Brexit, the European union is not being presented in a positively. Within this report the tern nation is going to be examined within theoretical and historical contexts to better understand the separatist movement within Catalonia. A field based analysis was conducted to gather the opinions of the Catalan population on the notion of independence and whether they think it will be obtained peacefully. 3.0 Research context To understand the current situation within Catalonia its place within theories must be examined. Nationalism is defined as a political programme. It consists of groups of people who define as nations who form territorial states that have a single language (Hobshawm and Kertzer, 1992). Renan in (1882) said within his speech that a nation was â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours†. This nation joins biographies to have one common historical narrative (Calhoun 1993).   Nations and nationalism can be a complex definition with many theories on how it happens. Benedict Anderson (1983) differs in views with many scholars by seeing nationalism as an â€Å"imaginary political community†. He states that Communities are to be distinguished, not by their falsity/genuineness, but by the style in which they are imagined Ernest Gellner (1983) said that â€Å"nationalism is primarily a political principle that holds the political and the national unit should be congruent†. Gellner believes that nationalism was something that the modern world needed sociologically and mainly focuses on modernisation and industrialisation. Anthony smith was a critic of Gellner saying that he had misread the relationship that is between industrialisation and nationalism (Smith 1989). Smith (1989) is quotes to say that â€Å"the modern world had become inconceivable and unintelligible without nations and nationalism† Bruielly (1982) shows more of an academic approach and states that when intellectuals or professionals miss out on important career opportunities this may lead to a rise in national ideology. Nationalism to him is portrayed through intellectuals as unsuccessful professionals. This is like Kedourie’s theory about indigenous intellectuals in colonial societies and how they too turned to nationalism. The abundance of intellectuals and inability for society to find them suitable roles may explain why they turn to nationalism. (Kedourie 1960)   Nairn (1977) however, approaches nationalism in a study from a Marxist perspective. He considers nationalism to be a bourgeois phenomenon which can be seen to be a product of the disparities within capitalism (Nairn 1977). The continuation of nationalism is linked with the interests of the bourgeois (Anderson 2006). Focusing on Europe, Woodrow Wilson’s had a large impact on the Versailles Peace Conference that began outside of Paris in 1919. He had a plan to divide Europe it into ethnic-linguistic territorial states. The project was impracticable as well as dangerous, the cost of this feat would have been mass expulsion and genocide (Hobshawm 1992). However, a nation cannot be born they’re made in response to international incentive and power policies (Fearon 2004). Nationalism has been the source of anxiety and conflict in European history (Coppieters 2010). Borgen (2010) states that there were currently twenty to twenty-five separatist movements across the continent. The movements may be based upon cultural and political issues and the majority are non-violent. Separatism is mainly linked to nationalism and their ideologies. There have been two consecutive waves of separatism. In the 1950’s the first separatist movement began with the decolonisation of the world, this questioned the legitimacy of boundaries that establish under colonialism. This was closely followed by the second which happened at the end of the cold war in the 1960s toward the beginning of democratisation in the 1980 and 1990’s. The second wave was surrounded by the suppression of people’s rights and liberties under the communist regimes (Schaeffer 1998, Agnew 2001). Recent separatist movements like that in Yugoslavia from 1991- 2001 were driven by the common notion of an economic disparity. This movement was against the state as they failed to deal with this, however there was also territorial divisions within the state that showed internal colonialism based upon ethnicity and nationality (Agnew 2001) Guibernau (2000) sees nation states as a cluster of institutions that are defined and governed by the state. Stateless nations can enjoy cultural or political autonomy based upon the state’s decision. In most cases within a region that is trying to be separate their nation, the political issues that have arisen are based upon previous governmental experiences of nation building. States and nations that are trying to establish are understood to be real communities with enduring collectivises. (Brubaker 1996) To establish social cohesion for a nation building project a common identity must be established, linguistic campaigns are a powerful tool in doing this. It allows for people to bring the communities fears together by reducing embarrassment about speaking a native language.   (Webber 1991; Trueta 2008) The Catalan region in the North West of Spain during the Franco regime (1939-1975) had languages and identities supressed along with other regions. This then meant that Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, had suffered neglect. His regime created tensions in the country’s political system. It believed that Spain consists of ethnically defined identities in several regions (Bylan 2014). When democracy was restored after 1975, there had been a shift towards expressing the regional identities. The Catalan region sees itself as an independent metropolis (Mellon,2008) In history by 1898, the nationalist movements of Catalonia and the Basque country had emerged in wanting their own identity, these sources of national identity threatened the hegemonic position of Spanish nationalism (Muro 2005; Pozo Andrà ©s and Braster 1999). Basque and Catalan nationalist movements however in more recent times within Spain have unified this Spanish nationalism again (Muro 2005).   Spain is not however a formal federation it is a unitary state that has given devolving power to seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities in a system that is called the state of autonomies (Bylan 2014). This is consistent with the theory that contemporary separatism is the product of the rise in modern nationalism and that they are overcoming the previous nation building project. Today in Catalonia, the current project is to build true Catalan culture through language as this is the ultimate expression. (Illas, 2014). Catalonians also express this through rituals and festivities such as human towers (Castells) (Giner 1980). The separatist movement had been mainly led by linguistics and a traversed class with rallies in 2010, 2012, 2013 and 2014 that have staged a transformation in separatism (Illas 2014). The modern-day disparities of the Catalan people are based upon their history. 4.0 Historical context To understand fully where Catalonia fits within the nation-building theories it is important to understand the common historical narrative within the state. Starting with the 14th century within Catalonia, there was political and economic decline, due to the successive waves of the great plague. By 1365 Catalonia has lost half a million people, and in the 15th century Barcelona had its lower ever population. (Giner 1980). During the 15th century the Catalan capital was gripped by the civil war. The maritime power that once existed there was starting to decline. (Giner 1980). Now, there was a transition from early medieval contractually to liberal societies who have more of an individualistic approach. Elliot (1963) mentions the revolt of the reappears between 1640- 1652, when the Catalan people united due to castile giving them harsh treatment. The war of succession in Spain happened between 1702 to 1714. Barcelona resisted unification and was besieged in march 1713 (Guibernau, 2000) Felipe V built a fort (the Ciutadella) so Barcelona could be watched. He banned writing and teaching in Catalan and distributed Catalonia’s possessions to great powers (Webber, 1991) This abolished Catalan rights and liberties and they were subject to regime occupation (Gibernau 2000; Gibernau 2014). The events that took place started the process of national integration and state-building within Catalonia (Moreno 1988) In the 18th century the Spanish economy was based around agriculture. The Napoleonic invasion devastated the country and lead to political instability (Patrick 2016). Catalonia made positive gains with the urban middle classes and created confidence. Barcelona was then transformed into the capital of a society that was industrialising and modernising (Webber 1991). Defeudalization was happening around this time. Spain was in the process of homogenisation under the bourbons. They forcibly generalised the Castilian law and the institutions, they were creating a modern centralised state and this was completed in 1812. (Giner,1980) The trade union movement after World War One was led by the Confederacià ³n Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) which had 80& of the cities workers. Between 1919 and 1920 there was a wave of strikes and union leaders were eliminated. Dictator General Miguel primo Rivera had conflicting views on the working-class radicalism (Giner 1980) Rivera’s repression ended in 1930, he did not successfully stop the unity in Catalonia. In 1931 the formation of a Spain’s republic this was driven by the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya. The leftist popular front in 1936 won genuine autonomy (Guibernau 2014; Illas 2014). The class system of the society at that time was a product of the successive waves of industrialisation and advances in urbanisation. (Giner 1980).   The genuine autonomy that was gained by the Catalonians was short lived as the result of the Spanish civil war between 1936-1939.After Francisco Franco’s Victory in the war he imposed a pro-fascist and militarised Spain, laying emphasize on Castile as the ‘ethnic core’ of the nation (Muro 2005). The Franco regime between 1939-1975 supressed the languages and identities of the Catalonian people (Webber 1991). During this time persecutions took place of Intellectuals and language speakers. The education system featured no Catalan and the street names were changed to Castilian Spanish (Marinzel 2014). Francoist propaganda changed the narrative of the civil war to be that of a crusade and associated leftists and anti-Spain figures as a ‘cancer’ of the nation that needed to be cured (Richards 1998) The Catalonian population increased with massive migrations from deprived areas in other parts of Spain during the 1960’s and 1970’s (Serrano 2013). During this time, Catalonian separatism was emerging again as a political opposition to the dictatorship. They rivalled in literature and the arts which moulded the Catalan identity (Muro 2005). After Franco’s death in 1975, a central part of the regional policy was to promote the Catalan language. In 1978 Catalonian was defined as a democratic state within the new Spanish constitution which had granted autonomy (Giberneau 2000). This allowed for the Catalan people to change the educational system and policies within the region. In 1975 online 60% of people in Catalonia spoke Catalan whereas in 2001, 76% of Catalonians spoke Catalan (Borgen 2010). Regional feelings for Catalan nationalism rose in the 1990s and early 2000s, with it being rated sixth amid Spanish autonomous communities (Moreno 2001). Patterns of similar relationships between identity and independence emerge (Muro 2005; Serreno 2013). 5.0 Discussion Nationalism changes all the rules; a nations existence is based upon the past experiences and it challenges historians to decide a nations existence. History however is not as clear as would believe and interpretations and narratives can be different (Marino 2002). Modern day nationalism may be overcoming the previous nation-building project. Catalonians hope to achieve this by assertion of their own culture (Illas 2014). The region has been suppression numerous times as mentioned and the clear territory and history that define it as a nation are evident (Smith 1998). In the fight for independence Catalonia is aware that that staying a part of the European union is important, as there are strong ties with Spain and the European single market. With the situation in Catalonia baring resemblance to that in Scotland and the Catalan foreign affairs minister recognises that it should too have the right to vote in a legal referendum as that would stay true to democracy and a constitution is a text that is written under certain circumstances, these circumstances can change. (The guardian 2016) Brexit in the UK isn’t good news as it questions the European project. An MP called Ciudadanos accused the separatist movement of removing the state out of the 21st century. Previously however other politicians such as Mr Fernandez would welcome an exit from the EU as he sees it as being ruled by capitalists. (The Independent 2015) The rise in separatism and the need for independence grows stronger as the Catalan government fight for responsibility for taxation and spending policy (Boylan 2015). Previous grievances have shaped Catalonia culture and the desire to return to being an autonomous region is still wanted. The Catalans may fall into Renan’s definition in 1882 of a nation â€Å"a group of people united by a mistaken view about the past and a hatred of their neighbours† as the public polls reflect a rise of opinion of violence in the region. Arthur Mas the former president hopes that his prosecution for the illegally deemed poll will also be a cry for the cause of independence from Spain (The Financial times 2017). 6.0 Field based analysis 6.1 Methodology   Ã‚  Ã‚   6.1.1 Day 1 Observational study of landscape Figure 1: The route that was taken on the first day during the streetscape observational exercise The streetscape of Barcelona needed to be understood. A transect of the area was carried out in small groups. These groups covered different areas all meeting back at the same point at the Sagrada Familia, the route can be seen in figure 1. The results of the small groups were combined to gain a large-scale view of the area. Along this route elements that are seen to represent the Catalan conflict were taken note of. The different types of flags, graffiti, street names and political posters and murals along with anything else that could be seen to potentially represent the conflict were recorded. Within a table format the route walked was recorded along with where the observation occurred and a small discussion was help to note the implications of what we had seen. The differences in areas we walked through was noted as the route lead to a tourist area however was through mainly residential streets. 6.1.2 Day 2 Historical Narrative A guided walk through the city was undertook to identify the monuments that may commemorate previous conflicts. Along the walk the date in which the monument was erected was taken down, along with what it was and what it is commemorating. The reason behind doing this was to analyse how culture and history is remembered within Barcelona. Certain aspects of the monuments were noted such as what way the history is shown and If the monument represents one side more. To gauge an idea of the historical narrative Barcelona was trying to perceive, 3 historical sites were visited. These were the Catalan museum, El Borne centre and memorial democratic. The sites were visited to understand the story they are telling. A similar study was undertaken by Breen et al (2016), and observations were noted such as, is there anything that is not present within the museum? Is there any important messages they are trying to highlight? Is there a main language? To see whether the people within the museum either working or visiting understood its role, a semi structured interview was carried out.   The questions asked recorded their understanding of the role, if heritage plays a role in Catalan separatism and whether any part of the centre was controversial. 6.1.3 Day 3- Semi- Structured Interviews A method of semi structured interviews was carried out to collect qualitative data on the publics perceptions of important issues with Catalonia whilst gathering information about the person in question. The questions that were asked were: Are you from this neighbourhood?What is your first language?Did you vote in the last referendum?Were you happy with the outcome?Do you think Catalonia will gain independence? Do you think this will be achieved peacefully? These questions were asked to gather information on, the nationality of the person, the language in which they see to be their language, their political participation, their views about the last referendum and views on future independence for the state along with how possible violence will be. Cohen and Crabtree (2006) have shown the benefits of using semi structured interviews as you will only get to speak with that person one time. They also highlight the importance of it being undertaken by small groups as they collect the same information to show the varied opinion over a large area. The results are comparable and the results are collated. With a large sample taken the results could be representative public opinion and could be compared with polls that have been previously taken. This will show how the opinions in the region have changed over time. The route that was taken can be seen in figure 2. Figure 2:   Route taken and main stops while conducting semi structured interviews. 6.1.4 Day 4- Quantitative Data A quantitative data collection in the form of a social vulnerability survey. Social vulnerability shows which elements of society are worrying the most. The survey had a scoring system included the value 1 meaning that they strongly agree with the statement and 5 representing strongly disagree. The statements represented the social, economic, environmental and political situations along with opinions on the future of Catalonia.   This type of survey was conducted in small groups again and allowed the results to be combined and numerically represented. The triangulation of multiple methods stated within Duffy’s (1987)’s papers shows that this method gives a complete collection approach. 7.2 Observations and Results 7.2.1 Street Observational Survey From the transect that was carried out general observations were made. The city has undergone times of suppression and conflict and from the observations generalities were made as things observed could be expressions of nation-hood. Hans Christian Andersen in 1862, commented on Barcelona by saying that the city was the â€Å"Paris of Spain†. The first notable feature was that of the layout of the streets, the city consists of grand octagonal blocks. Antoni Gaudi has a huge influence on the architecture of Barcelona, with many Catalan people they associate his work with a period called Renaixenà §a, which tried to show better times (Giner 1980). He has become a symbol of the city. The Flags that were on the residential buildings held much significance to how they stood politically. The flags that presented Catalonia were mainly flown on buildings that were residential with the souvenir shops that sold the flags only stocking Catalan related items. The flags within the residential area differed, from the slogan that was upon it to whether it had a star present. They can send a political message and are used in campaigns. It is a tool in which the Catalan people are not afraid to change, with a flag holding great significance to a group of people, they are willing to alter the flag to send a strong political message (Borgen, 2010). Alongside the Catalan flag EU flags were found, this says that the Catalan people are scared that with independence come an exit from the single market. This is a strong incentive to stay within the unified state of Spain (Patrick 2016). Scotland holds close parallels in situations with Catalonia. The British government has also driven nationalism in the last referendum with the fear of leaving the European Union. The Scottish flag was observed on the transect showing the close similarities. The Catalan flags declined in numbers when leaving the residential area heading towards the centre. The buildings in the centre had more Spanish flags as these were mainly political or service providing premises such as hotels (figure 3a). The Spanish flag should be flown on a Spanish building and if that place is not meant to have a political view, then both flags would be outside of the building. Both flags were observed on hotels and tourist areas.   In some areas both flags of region and state were also seen, this shows loyalty to an area. For example, a bacelonetta flag seen in figure 3b Figure 3: (A) Spanish flag being flown outside of the Military building in Las Ramblas. (B) Barcelonetta regional flag. The street names were in Catalan with many commemorating people who have been influences from Catalan (figure 4a). The Sagrada Familia has taken a century to complete, still not being finished. The architect of the building is Antoni Gaudi; it is a statement of the Catalan culture and is the most visited place within Spain.   Throughout the streetscape we encountered political graffiti that was around the city voiced the political opinions of people within the community who wanted that message to be shown (figure 4b). Figure 4: (A) street sign with dedication to a self-acclaimed Catalonian. (B) Graffiti that reads â€Å"Anti-Fascist Area†. 7.2.2 Monuments Monuments play an important role in who society idealises as symbols of culture. Barcelona has many monuments that were observed to understand their political message for an independent Catalonia. The plaza de Torro monumental is a bull fighting ring that existed in the 20th century. The building is influences by Islamic design replicating dà ©cor from the previous 8th century invasion from north Africa. The building today has been repurposed as a museum due to the recent ban from Catalonia in 2012 for bull fighting (The guardian 2011). This is extremely important as they had ended a 600-year-old tradition within Spain, stepping away from the culture. The Universal exhibition was held in Barcelona in 1888. The triomf was to symbolise victory and national pride. The Arc links Barcelona’s medieval past with its future. Beyond the arc lies the park, with the Catalan parliament building residing within the parks grounds. The park has a Zoo and an elaborate fountain which at the time was put in place to show how advanced the people of Barcelona were. Like many other cities have done in the past, such as Paris. The Main Cascada monument is a grand project that took place for the 1888 universal exposition and a small contributor to it was Antoni Gaudi. The grand waterfall features goddesses showing idealising women and sexism that existed at that time.   A band stand within the Cuitedella Park was dedicated in 1991 to a transgender teen who was killed. This emphasized the cities progressive attitudes to social problems. The Als Voluntaris Catalan statue in the Cuitedella park is dedicated to the volunteers of the first and second war. The monument was subject to violations during the Franco regime with its arms being cut off in 1952. The internal flame (Fossar de les Moreres) was observed within in gothic quarter and is a contested symbolism, as it is seen to be site of the graveyard for the fallen during the siege of Barcelona in 1714. This site for Catalonians is a reminder of the homage. On the 11th of September (ladeada) people gather to this space to remember the battle. The symbolism is contested but it is used to further the nation building project. 7.2.3 Museum overview To understand the historical narrative that was being projected upon the Catalan people, three institutions were visited to understand how they were representing the history of their culture. The first site visited was the Christopher Columbus statue. This statue was erected for the Universal expedition in Barcelona in 1888. Groups of anti-capitalist councillor in Barcelona however said that the city â€Å"should not be celebrating the explorers’ colonial legacy† (The Guardian 2016). The emphasises the Catalonians feelings toward colonialization and suppression. The second Museum that was visited was the Catalan museum, the levelled institution has 3 floors which displayed a different time within Catalan history, from the bottom floor up it contained the history from the roman times to the top flow having recent achievements from the 21st century. An observation made was the fact that within the Catalan museum the paint on the walls were red and black, the colours of the anarchists. This may not have been intentional but could be a subliminal message as within the museum the Catalan culture was celebrated. Franco is not liked within the museum. From the semi, structured interviews conducted a worker of the museum stated that Spanish people will say that the museum is a lie, however the intended audience is the Catalan people and the international community. A museum worker was quoted in saying that the museum â€Å"celebrated† his heritage and that it has influence in the separatist movement. Sympathetic language was used within the Catalan museum a phrase observed in the Franco dictatorship section said ‘the unmistakable aim of Francoism was to strip Catalonia of its nationhood’ strong language was focused upon within the museum. Descriptive words were mentioned in nearly every time that contained suppression of Catalonia’s identity. Another example of this read in the museum was â€Å"language was a slow and uneven process†. The Catalonian history is showing the notion of separatism by identifying themselves as different from the Spanish, A person at the museum was quoting in saying that the Spanish â€Å"believe that this is all made up† showing Spain’s undeniable unwillingness to accept Catalonia as a nation. Whereas museums are understood to be some of the key places that deliver the message of what a nation is (Ashworth et al 2007) The el born centre showcases the streetscape within Barcelona during the 18th century. This streetscape represents Barcelona in a time when they had independence from Spain, the archaeologists could have kept excavating and gotten to a roman street. They stopped on purpose to give a utopian image of a time of independence when it was a vibrant multicultural marketing town. This gave the visualisation that there were greenspaces with music and food in the once internationally trading town. This is a clear political message of culture and heritage used at the El Borne (Breen at al 2016) It has been argued that the visitor of a museum will connect to the personal account of the narrative that is being told (Fladmark 2015). People had been quoted in saying that the centre had been â€Å"controversial†. An exhibition was spoken about that featured Franco and his dictatorship, the Exhibition was meant to last for a couple of months however it took the Catalan 4 days from when it started to have it removed. The hostility and want to forget the dark period of Franco’s dictatorship is evident in their actions. The importance of these institutions is to promote culture. These centres could be understood to b a part of the nation-building narrative which are in line with the core set of grievances that are within Catalonia (Breen at al 2016) 7.2.4 Grievances Catalonia has a key set of grievances towards the Spanish state shown in Figure 5. A few of these issues are going to be discussed. Figure 5- grievance model visually showing the key set of grievances within Catalonia. A key issue in the region is how the money that the state produce is used. Economically Catalonian has had historical grievances with the state, first starting with the Catalan bourgeois and modern industrialisation in the 19th century. Spain believe that Catalonia are â€Å"financial parasites† that don’t provide enough for Spain. Catalonia today has a fiscal deficit of 9.76%, this is highest taxed region in Europe. The people of Catalonia feel exploited as they cannot control their own funding when new services are needed within the state. Barcelona is the most visited region within Spain. The media and television play a large part in left and right wing narratives. A nation state emphasize political views this way. Gellner stressed the importance of communication in societies, the power to control the media modifies culture and is necessary for the homogenisation of the state. (Gellner 1983) Sport is an important cultural event for Catalan people. The Barcelona football club during Francoism was a representation of the Catalan nationalism and resistance against the dictatorship (Giberneau 2000) Sport is a powerful means of expressing identity (Trueta 2008). At the 17th minute and 14th second, the crowd will stand and shout ‘Independence’ as this date is representative of the last year they were an autonomous state. Language is important when expressing culture and the use of a language can indicate your current feelings politically (Woolard 1984). The Catalan language as mentioned through the report has been supressed, driving the need for the language to be expressed and recognised internationally. 7.2.5 Survey results A qualitative survey method was undertaken to test the hypothesis of will Catalonia resort to violence to gain independence. The results of the surveys are below (Table 1) Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. Table 1: Combined group results of qualitative survey. The results obtained from the combined groups matches those gathered from the Catalan government in their recent poll. With the representative sample size and closely comparable results the figures gathered are reliable. The survey was conducted in English however the fluency in Catalan and birthplace determined majorly their identity (Webber 1991) which would be closely linked with how they would feel about independence. The difference in percentage between the two opposing opinions (independence vs no independence) is not that high. The surprising figure is that of violence, with many key events happening in the last 12 months such as the arrest of Arthur Mas, change would be assumed. Triggers such as that would provoke a sense of undermining and this may increase the likely hood of violence. Historically within Catatonia has had such events. Figure 6 shows an ice berg model, which is a visual representation of some key events in Catalan history. From the results obtained the mediation stage was considered as the point of conflict Catalonia as both sides have not yet concluded what they want. Figure 6: Key moments in recent Catalan history that has led to a rise in separatism within the state, key events are symbolled.    5.2.6 Social Vulnerability Survey These results are those obtained from quantitative surveys (figure 7). The total number of respondents was 139. Figure 7: Social vulnerability pentagon, highlighting main worries. The closer the result is to the centre the more of an issue they feel as though it is. With the survey showing that people are worried about the governance, environment and future threats gives an idea of the key grievances today. The economy is not a worrying factor as there has been on the rise since 2008 after the recession. The social aspects of life are not worrying factors in society. In regards to the environment, water is not evenly dispersed across the region. The summer months also bring a lot of pollution as tourists leave litter, which was pointed out by a shop keeper during an interview. 5.3 Conclusion To conclude, Catalonia has been experiencing separatism for many generations. The conflict so far within the state has remaining non-violent however this figure could change. The rise in percentage of people who believe violence will start echoes the increasing political tensions however 15% is not enough to accept the hypothesis stated as 85% do not believe there will be a need to resort to violence. The politicians are becoming impatient waiting on a referendum when other democratic places such as Scotland have been allowed to do so, with them not being allowed it feels as though the Franco influences have not yet disappeared. This is reflected on the social vulnerability results with governance scoring low. 5.4 Recommendations The key recommendations for peace within the region are: Allowing the Catalan government, the ability to reinvest the budget which will help in improving infrastructure. The media needs to have an unbiased opinion. Fiscal deficit needs improved and there’s a lot of tension towards Spain and the uneven taxingGentrification of city centre, leaving the city centre inhabitable by people who would be working in the city. To allow for an official referendum. Bibliography Agnew, J., 2001. Regions in revolt. Progress in Human Geography, 25(1), pp.103–111. Anderson, B. 1983 Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism London: Verso. Anderson B (2006) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, revised edn. London: Verso Ashworth, G.J., Graham, B.J. and Tunbridge, J.E., 2007.  Pluralising pasts: heritage, identity and place in multicultural societies. London: Pluto Press. BBC News. Catalonia Profile. BBC News-Europe. 14 August 2013. npag. Web. 20 October 2013 . Breen, C. et al., 2016. Heritage and separatism in Barcelona: the case of El Born Cultural Centre. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 7258(April), pp.1–12. Boylan, B.M., 2015. In pursuit of independence: The political economy of Catalonia’s secessionist movement. Nations and Nationalism, 21(4), pp.761–785. Boylan, B.M., 2014. What drives ethnic terrorist campaigns? A view at the group level of analysis. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 33(3), pp.250–272. Borgen, C.J., 2010. From Kosovo to Catalonia : Separatism and Integration in Europe From Kosovo to Catalonia : Separatism and. Goettingen Journal of International Law, 2(3), pp.997–1033. Breuilly, J. (1982) Nationalism and the State. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Casassas, Brubaker, R. (1996). Nationalism reframed: nationhood and the national question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Calhoun, C., 1993. Nationalism and ethnicity.  Annual review of sociology,  19(1), pp.211-239. Coppieters, Secessionist Conflicts in Europe, in D. H. Doyle (ed.), Secession as an International Phenomenon: From Americas Civil War to Contemporary Separatist Movements (2010), 237, 247 Cohen, D. and Crabtree, B., 2006. Qualitative research guidelines project Duffy, M.E., 1987. Methodological triangulation: a vehicle for merging quantitative and qualitative research methods. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 19(3), pp.130-133. Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford UK: Blackwell Fladmark, J.M., 2015.  Heritage and museums: Shaping national identity. Routledge.Woolward 1984 Fearon, J.D., 2004. Why do some civil wars last so much longer than others?.  Journal of Peace Research,  41(3), pp.275-301. Gellner, E. and Breuilly, J., 2008.  Nations and nationalism. Cornell University Press. Giner, S., 1980. The social structure of Catalonia. Occasional publications / Anglo-Catalan Society, 1, p.78. Guibernau, M., 2000. Nationalism and Intellectuals in Nations without States: the Catalan Case. Political Studies, 48(5), pp.989–1005. Guibernau, M., 2014. Prospects for an Independent Catalonia. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 27(1), pp.5–23. Hobsbawm, E.J. & Kertzer, D.J., 1992. Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today. Source: Anthropology Today, 8226112(1), pp.3–8. Illas, E., 2014. Is Catalan Separatism a Progressive Cause?.  Dissidences,  5(10), p.7. Kedourie, E., 1960. Nationalism, Hutchinson. Marinzel, A., 2014. Catalonia: The Quest for Independence from Spain. , p.6 Mellon, J. G. 2008. â€Å"Urbanism, Nationalism and the Politics of Place: Commemoration and Collective Memory.† Canadian Journal of Urban Research 17 (1): 1–13. Moreno, L., 1988. Scotland and Catalonia: the path to home rule.  The Scottish government yearbook, pp.166-181 Muro, D. & Quiroga, A., 2005. Spanish nationalism: Ethnic or civic? Ethnicities, 5(1), pp.9–29. Nairn, T. (1977) The Break-Up of Britain. London: NLB. Patrick, T.Y., 2016. the Zeitgeist of Secession Amidst the March Towards Unification : Future of the European Union Pozo Andrà ©s, M.M. del and J. Braster (1999) ‘The Rebirth of the â€Å"Spanish Race†: The State, Nationalism, and Education in Spain, 1875–1931’, European History Quarterly 29(1): 75–108. Renan, E., 1996. What is a Nation?.  Qu’est-ce qu’une nation. Richards, M. (1998) A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Schaeffer, R. K. 1998: Separatism: rationality and irony. In Spencer, M., editor, Separatism: democracy and disintegration. Lanham MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 43–68 Serrano, I., 2013. Just a Matter of Identity? Support for Independence in Catalonia. Regional & Federal Studies, 23(5), pp.523–545. Smith, A.D., 1989. The origins of nations.  Ethnic and racial studies,  12(3), pp.340-367. The Guardian 2011, 2016 The financial times 2013 Webber, J. & Strubell i Trueta, M., 1991. The Catalan language: xprogress towards normalisation, Trueta, M.S., Bulls and donkeys. National identity and symbols in Catalonia and Spain. AQM: A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks AQM: A Mechanism of Congestion Control in Networks Saira Saeed, Bilal Shams, Abstract: Congestion in the network occurs when node or link carries so much data that its quality of service downgrade. Active queue management is the most well-known algorithm to control congestion in the network. This paper discussed some of the queue length based and load based algorithms in AQM, we also highlighted its pros and cons. Keyword: congestion, Active queue management 1. Introduction: Congestion can take place at sensors that receive more data than its maximum forwarding rate. These consequences in long delay in data delivery and wasting of resources due to lost or dropped packets. When congestion occurs in network the Quality of service will disturb which is an important feature in sending data from node to another. When buffer overflow the packet drops so it would increase the energy consumptions of a sensor as the packets need to be retransmitted. Higher packet drops will also reduce the throughput of the data. Some multimedia data such as voice and video are critical to time delay [1]. Thus, congestion needs to be controlled to ensure that the end-to-end delay is also minimized. 2. Active queue management (AQM) The role of Active Queue Management (AQM) in IP networks was to balance the work of end-system protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in congestion control hence to enlarge network utilization, and limit packet loss and delay.[2] AQM is a scheme which shares bandwidth fairly and control congestion over the routers/internet. According to the congestion metric active queue management has classified in to queue length based, load based and queue length and load based. Fig.2. Classification of AQM scheme. [3] Congestion is observed by average queue length in queue based schemes, and the control aspires to stabilize the queue length. The downside of queue based scheme is that a backlog is inherently required. Load based schemes precisely predict the utilization of the link, and determine congestion and take actions based on the packet arrival rate. Rate-based schemes can grant Early feedback for congestion. The goals of the load based AQMs are to alleviate rate mismatch between enqueue and dequeue, and achieve low loss, low delay and high link utilization. The third AQM scheme is the combination of load based and queue length which measure congestion and get a tradeoff between queues stability and responsiveness. [3] In this paper we just discussed the queue length based and load based briefly. 3. AQMs Based On Queue Length Merit. 3.1. Random Early Detection (RED). The main objectives of RED is to minimize packet loss and queuing delay, avoid global synchronization of sources, maintain high link utilization, and remove biases against bursty flows. RED avoids congestion early and delivers congestion notification to the end source and allows them to reduce the transmission rate before overflow occurs. To reduce the delay of flows RED keeps the queue size full. RED maintains an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) of the queue length which is used to detect incipient congestion. When average queue length greater than min threshold, packets are randomly dropped or marked with explicitly congestion notification (ECN). [4][5] When average queue length greater max threshold all packets are dropped or marked. Fig.3. RED algorithm [3] 3.2. FRED (Fair random early detection) FRED is modified version of RED therefore it reduces the unfairness of RED. Inside the internet route FRED maintains state information for every flow. When different types of traffic shares one link, RED allows unfair bandwidth sharing because RED does not take the bandwidth utilization of the flow into account when dropping packets. The author proposes FRED as solution. The main objective of fair random flow is to provide different strategies of dropping to different kind of flows. Flows that take more bandwidth shall be isolated where as low speed and bursty flows should be protected and safe from dropping. [survey2]FRED maintains queue size of per flow and drops packets conditionally comparing per flow queue size with average per flow queue. Fig.4. FRED Algorithm [4] 3.3. CHOKE (Choose and Keep for responsive flows, Choose and Kill for unresponsive flows) In the CHOKE algorithm a packet is drawn randomly from FIFO buffer whenever a new packet arrived at congestion router. This packet is compared with newly arriving packet. Both packets are dropped if it belongs to the same flow, otherwise the new incoming packet is confessed into the buffer with a probability that depends on the level of congestion and the randomly chosen packet is kept intact. CHOKE is simplest and stateless algorithm which does not provide any special data structure. However when the number of flows is large compared to the buffer space than this algorithm performance is not well. [6] Fig.5. CHOKE algorithm 4. AQM on load based. 4.1. BLUE: A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms. RED queue length gives very little information about the number of competing connections in a shared link. BLUE overcome the drawbacks of RED by using packet loss and link idle events for protecting TCP flows against non-responsive flows. [1] BLUE, basically is a different active queue management algorithm which uses packet loss and link utilization history to manage congestion. BLUE keep up a single probability, which it uses to mark or drop packets when they are queued. If the queue is frequently dropping packets due to buffer overflow, BLUE increments the marking probability, therefore increasing the rate at which it sends back congestion notification. On the other hand, if the queue becomes empty or if the link is idle, BLUE decreases its marking probability. The main purpose of using BLUE is that congestion control can be performed with a least amount of buffer size. Other algorithms like RED need a large buffer size to attain the same goal. [7] Fig.6. BLUE Algorithm. 4.2. SFED: Selective Fair Early Detection Selective fair early detection is an easy to implement rate control based AQM discipline which can be joined with any scheduling discipline. It maintains a token bucket for every flow or comprehensive flows. The token filling rates are in proportion to the allowable bandwidths. The tokens are removed from the corresponding bucket whenever a packet is enqueued. The decision to enqueue or drop a packet of any flow depends on the occupancy of its bucket at that time. A sending rate higher than the permitted bandwidth results in low bucket occupancy and so a larger drop probability thus indicating the onset of congestion at the gateway. This ensures the adaptive flow to attain a steady state and prevents it from getting penalized severely. However non-adaptive flows will continue to send at the same rate and thus will suffer more losses. The rate at which the tokens are removed from bucket of a flow is equal to the rate of incoming packets of that flow, but the rate of addition of tokens in a bucket depends on its permitted share of bandwidth and not on the rate at which packets of that particular flow are dequeued. In this way token bucket controls the bandwidth consumed by a flow.[8]. 4.3. FABA: Fair adaptive bandwidth allocation: FABA is the extension of SFED and can be coupled with any simplest scheduling discipline like FCFS first in first served). FABA has many objectives like It allocates fair bandwidth amongst flows. It can avoid congestion by early detection and notification, It has low implementation complexity. Easy extension to provide differentiated services. FABA deals with both adaptive and non-adaptive traffic while providing incentive for flows to incorporate end-to end congestion control. It uses a rate control based mechanism to achieve fairness amongst flows at a router. [9] As in random early detection (RED), congestion is detected early and notified to the source. Table.1. Strength and Weakness of AQM Algorisms. It had any scheduling discipline FABA Very high complexity, computation. 6. Conclusion: In this paper we have state the term AQM and its algorithms. We have highlighted some of queue length based and queue based algorithm with its strength and weakness. References: [1] husna zainol abidin , yuslinda wati mohamad yusof,saiful izwan suliman,† network using fairness bandwidth allocation. â€Å"october 2008. [2] richelle adams, â€Å"active queue management: a survey†, ieee communications surveys tutorials, vol. 15, no. 3, third quarter 2013 [3] c.dhivya1, e.george dharma prakash raj2,† survey on load based aqm algorithms†, vol.1.issue.2.;2013 [4],Ningning Hu, Liu Ren ([emailprotected]) Jichuan Chang, â€Å"Evaluation of Queue Management Algorithms†, Course Project Report for 15-744 Computer Networks [5] dive et al.. â€Å"Classification and Performance of AQM-Based Schemes for Congestion Avoidance† (IJCSIS) International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security,Vol. 8, No. 1, 2010 [6] CHOKE,a statless queue management scheme for approximating bandwidth allocation. [7] BLUE: A New Class of Active Queue Management Algorithms, Shiny Department of EECS zNetwork Systems Department University of Michigan IBM T.J. Watson Research Center [8]Wu-chang Fengy Dilip D. Kandlurz Debanjan y Sahaz Kang G.†SFED: A Rate Control Based Active Queue Management†. IBM India Research Laboratory, New Delhi, India Block 1, Indian Institute of Technology, [9]Abhinav Kamra a,1, Huzur Saran a, Sandeep Sen a, Rajeev Shorey.† Fair adaptive bandwidth allocation: a rate control based active queue management discipline†. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India. July 2003